Hydrogen no-vent testing in a 5 cubic foot (142 liter) tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection
Abstract
A total of 38 hydrogen no-vent fill tests were performed in this test series using various size spray nozzles and a spray bar with different hole sizes in a 5 cubic foot receiver tank. Fill levels of 90 percent by volume or greater were achieved in 26 of the tests while maintaining a receiver tank pressure below 30 psia. Spray nozzles were mounted at the top of the tank, whereas, the spray bar was centered in the tank axially. The spray nozzle no-vent fills demonstrated tank pressure and temperature responses comparable to previous test series. Receiver tank pressure responses for the spray bar configuration were similar to the spray nozzle tests with the pressure initially rising rapidly, then leveling off as vapor condenses onto the discharging liquid streams, and finally ramping up near the end of the test due to ullage compression. Both liquid injection techniques tested were capable of filling the receiver tank to 90 percent under variable test conditions. Comparisons between the spray nozzle and spray bar configurations for well matched test conditions indicate the spray nozzle injection technique is more effective in minimizing the receiving tank pressure throughout a no-vent fill compared to the spray bar under normal gravity conditions.
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Many studies have investigated how to minimize boil-off losses and empirically determined that top fill (spray) is the most effective way to reduce transfer losses during loading, but the underlying physics remains poorly understood.
“While many studies [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] have investigated how to minimize boil-off losses and empirically determined that top fill (spray) is the most effective way to reduce transfer losses during loading, the underlying physics remains poorly understood.”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Authors
- MORAN, M., & NYLAND, T.
- Affiliations
- Glenn Research Center (US)
- Venue
- 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit
- Published
- 1992-07-06
- OpenAlex
- W2021027907
- Semantic Scholar
- 113d45f2a02035998254bdffd919b32e83387561
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Rocket and propulsion systems research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Keywords
- liquid hydrogen, vapor condensation, hydrogen storage tanks
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