Cited by 260Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and Health

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The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep1

Chen, X. B., Chen, Y. K., Franklin, M. F., Ørskov, E. R., Shand, W. J.·1992·Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.2527/1992.7051534x

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Abstract

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was used to estimate the microbial N (MN) supply to sheep in three experiments designed to examine the effects of DMI and BW on the efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) to the host animal. In Exp. 1, four sheep of about 45 kg BW were given 328, 656, 984, and 1313 g of DM/d of a hay/concentrate diet in a Latin square design. Excretion of PD per kilogram of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased with intake, and EMNS increased from 12.0 to 28.3 g of MN/kg of OM digested in the rumen (DOMR). In Exp. 2, 19 sheep ranging from 22 to 73 kg BW were all offered 820 g of DM/d of the same diet as that fed in Exp. 1. Although DM digestibility was relatively constant, PD excretion varied from 4.5 to 13.5 mmol/d and EMNS from 8 to 36 g of MN/kg of DOMR, both inversely related to animal BW. In Exp. 3, five sheep of 48 to 57 kg BW were given a different diet at 702, 966, or 1,237 g of DM/d. Purine derivative excretion per kilogram of DOMI increased with the DMI:BW ratio. Calculated EMNS ranged from 23 to 35 g of MN/kg of DOMR. Pooled data from all experiments showed EMNS to be related to the DMI:BW ratio. It is suggested that the DMI:BW ratio defines the ruminal digesta passage rate and hence outflow of microbial protein. The results imply that the EMNS for a given diet is not constant, but changes with intake.

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Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta. Rate of passage studies
Uden, P. C., Colucci, P. E., & Soest, P. J. V. (1980) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740310702 · Cited by 1,420
A RAPID PROCEDURE FOR PURINE MEASUREMENT AND ITS USE FOR ESTIMATING NET RUMINAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Zinn, R. A., & Owens, F. N. (1986) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas86-017 · Cited by 821
Urinary excretion of allantoin and allantoin precursors by sheep after different rates of purine infusion into the duodenum
Balcells, J., Guada, J. A., Castrillo, C., & Gasa, J. (1991) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s002185960007773x · Cited by 145
Measurement of purine derivatives in urine of ruminants using automated methods
Chen, X. B., Mathieson, J. G., Hovell, F. D. D., & Reeds, P. J. (1990) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740530104 · Cited by 87
Renal clearance of plasma allantoin in sheep
Chen, X., Kyle, D. J., Ørskov, E. R., & Hovell, F. (1991) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003481 · Cited by 36

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ESTIMATION OF MICROBIAL PROTEIN SUPPLY TO SHEEP AND CATTLE BASED ON URINARY EXCRETION OF PURINE DERIVATIVES - AN OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNICAL DETAILS
Chen, X., & Gomes, M. J. (1995) · Cited by 1,142
Rumen-protected lysine, methionine, and histidine increase milk protein yield in dairy cows fed a metabolizable protein-deficient diet
Lee, C., Hristov, A. N., Cassidy, T. W., Heyler, K. S., Lapierre, H., Varga, G. A., de Veth, M. J., Patton, R. A., & Parys, C. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5581 · Cited by 285
Low-methane yield sheep have smaller rumens and shorter rumen retention time
Goopy, J. P., Donaldson, A., Hegarty, R., Vercoe, P. E., Haynes, F., Barnett, M., & Oddy, V. H. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513002936 · Cited by 230
“Urinary purine excretion is used as an index of rumen microbial protein production((17)).”
Method
Effect of dietary concentrate on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and nitrogen losses in dairy cows
Agle, M., Hristov, A. N., Zaman, S., Schneider, C., Ndegwa, P. M., & Vaddella, V. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2977 · Cited by 180
“83 for microbial purines (Chen et al., 1992).”
Background
Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep
Chen, X., Mejia, A. T., Kyle, D. J., & Ørskov, E. R. (1995) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s002185960007458x · Cited by 154
Effect of lauric acid and coconut oil on ruminal fermentation, digestion, ammonia losses from manure, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows
Hristov, A. N., Pol, M. V., Agle, M., Zaman, S., Schneider, C., Ndegwa, P. M., Vaddella, V., Johnson, K., Shingfield, K. J., & Karnati, S. K. R. (2009) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2383 · Cited by 143
“…(Verbic et al., 1990); and 2) Duodenal MN flow (g N/d) = (absorbed MPB × 70) ÷ (0.83 × 0.134 × 1,000), where 70 is the N content of purines (mg N/ mmol; Chen et al., 1992) and 0.134 is the ratio of purine N to total N in rumen microorganisms assumed based on the data of Valadares et al. (1999)…”
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Effects of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth in goats1
Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., Martín-García, A. I., & Molina‐Alcaide, E. (2008) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1142 · Cited by 121
Effects of protein concentration and degradability on performance, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen metabolism in rapidly growing heifers fed high-concentrate diets from 100 to 230 kg body weight.
Devant, M., Ferret, A., Gasa, J., Calsamiglia, S., & Casals, R. (2000) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2000.7861667x · Cited by 110
The effects of ruminally degraded protein on rumen fermentation and ammonia losses from manure in dairy cows
Agle, M., Hristov, A. N., Zaman, S., Schneider, C. R., Ndegwa, P. M., & Vaddella, V. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2579 · Cited by 120
“83 for microbial purines (Chen et al., 1992).”
Background
Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: Effect of PEG supply1
Ruiz, D. R. Y., Moumen, A., Martín-García, A. I., & Molina‐Alcaide, E. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.8272023x · Cited by 111
Effects of dietary protein concentration and coconut oil supplementation on nitrogen utilization and production in dairy cows
Lee, C., Hristov, A. N., Heyler, K. S., Cassidy, T. W., Long, M., Corl, B. A., & Karnati, S. K. R. (2011) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3889 · Cited by 109
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Hristov, A. N., McAllister, T. A., & Cheng, K.-J. (1998) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1998.76123146x · Cited by 94
“Rumen microbial protein synthesis ( MPSR, g N/d) was calculated according to Chen et al. (1992): MPSR = (MP × 70)/(.83 × .116 × 1,000) [2] in which 70 is N content of purines (mg N/mmol PD), .83 is digestibility coefficient for microbial purines, and .116 is the ratio of purine N to total N in…”
Method
Lactation and Metabolic Responses to Graded Abomasal Doses of Methionine and Lysine in Cows Fed Grass Silage Diets
Varvikko, T., Vanhatalo, A., Jalava, T., & Huhtanen, P. J. (1999) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75523-2 · Cited by 92
“The excretion of microbial purine derivatives and microbial synthesis were calculated according to the equations presented by Verbic et al. (35) and Chen et al. ( 9 ).”
Effect of feeding frequency on diurnal variation in plasma and urinary purine derivatives in steers
Chen, X., Grubić, G., Ørskov, E. R., & Osuji, P. O. (1992) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s0003356100037442 · Cited by 90
Evaluation of Dietary Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cows Based on Urea Concentrations in Blood, Urine and Milk, and on Urinary Concentration of Purine Derivatives
Gonda, H. L., & Lindberg, J. E. (1994) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064709409410904 · Cited by 87
Production, milk iodine, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows supplemented with the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (kelp meal) during the grazing season
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Effects of Physical Form and Urea Treatment of Rice Straw on Rumen Fermentation, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Steers
Gunun, P., Wanapat, M., & Anantasook, N. (2013) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13190 · Cited by 77
“The PD excreted in the urine originated from absorbing microbial purines and purines from the animal tissues (Chen et al., 1992).”
An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source
Li, L., Davis, J., Nolan, J. V., & Hegarty, R. S. (2012) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an11254 · Cited by 75
Research on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Ruminants: Past, Present and Future
Chen, X. B., & Ørskov, E. R. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2844-1_21 · Cited by 74
Inclusion of wheat and triticale silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows
Harper, M. T., Oh, J., Giallongo, F., Roth, G. W., & Hristov, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12553 · Cited by 72
Between-cow variation in digestion and rumen fermentation variables associated with methane production
Cabezas-Garcia, E. H., Krizsan, S. J., Shingfield, K. J., & Huhtanen, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12206 · Cited by 74
“The efficiency of microbial N synthesis is positively related to feed intake (Chen et al., 1992; Broderick et al., 2010).”
Background
Simultaneous measurement of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography
Czauderna, M., & Kowalczyk, J. (1997) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00459-3 · Cited by 71
Synchrony of nutrient supply to the rumen and dietary energy source and their effects on the growth and metabolism of lambs1
Richardson, J. M., Wilkinson, R. G., & Sinclair, L. A. (2003) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2003.8151332x · Cited by 71
Influence of exogenous enzymes in presence ofSalix babylonicaextract on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and performance of lambs fed maize silage
VALDES, K. I., Salem, A. Z. M., López, S., ALONSO, M. U., Rivero-Pérez, N., Elghandour, M. M. M. Y., Vara, I. A. D., González-Ronquillo, M., & KHOLIF, A. E. (2014) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859614000975 · Cited by 69
“However, others found no differences in PD excretion in urine with different intakes of OM (Chen et al. 1992).”
Background
Sustainable improvement of animal production and health.
Odongo, N. E., García, M. A., & Viljoen, G. J. (2010) · Cited by 68
Supplementation of graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to sheep feeding on maize stover harvested at three stages of maturity
Tolera, A. Y., & Sundstøl, F. (2000) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00135-8 · Cited by 68
Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives
(2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2844-1 · Cited by 68
Recent advances in understanding of microbial transformation in ruminants
Ørskov, E. R. (1994) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/0301-6226(94)90153-8 · Cited by 66
Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1
Basso, F. C., Adesogan, A. T., Lara, E. C., Rabelo, C. H. S., Berchielli, T. T., Teixeira, I. A. M. A., Siqueira, G. R., & Reis, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8258 · Cited by 65
Incremental amounts of Ascophyllum nodosum meal do not improve animal performance but do increase milk iodine output in early lactation dairy cows fed high-forage diets
Antaya, N. T., Soder, K. J., Kraft, J., Whitehouse, N. L., Guindon, N. E., Erickson, P. S., Conroy, D., & Brito, A. F. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8851 · Cited by 65
“, Ann Arbor, MI), allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid”
Urinary purine derivates excretion as an indicator of in vivo microbial N flow in cattle: A review
Tas, B. M., & Susenbeth, A. (2007) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.010 · Cited by 67
Application of meta-omics techniques to understand greenhouse gas emissions originating from ruminal metabolism
Wallace, R. J., Snelling, T. J., McCartney, C. A., Tapio, I., & Strozzi, F. (2017) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0285-6 · Cited by 66
“The purines provide a useful proxy measure of microbial protein flow from the rumen [79, 80] and urea itself is of course the most important metabolite associated with the efficiency of N retention.”
Background
Influence of dietary rumen-degradable protein on bacterial growth in the rumen of sheep receiving different energy sources
Chikunya, S., Newbold, C. J., Rode, L. M., Chen, X. B., & Wallace, R. J. (1996) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(96)00999-6 · Cited by 62
Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume hays or soybean meal
Foster, J. L., Adesogan, A. T., Carter, J. N., Blount, A. R. S., Myer, R. O., & Phatak, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1637 · Cited by 60
“Microbial protein supply to the small intestine was calculated from the urinary output of purine derivatives using the equation of Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
Effects of ruminal digesta retention time on methane emissions: a modelling approach
Huhtanen, P. J., Ramin, M., & Cabezas-Garcia, E. H. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15507 · Cited by 61
“The efficiency of microbial N synthesis is positively related to feed intake (Chen et al. 1992; Broderick et al. 2010).”
Background
The role of legume forages as supplements to low quality roughages — ILRI experience
Osuji, P. O., & Odenyo, A. (1997) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(97)81620-3 · Cited by 59
“The ILRI plans to be involved in a ring test, in association with IAEA and NARS, on the use of urinary purine derivatives (Zinn and Owens, 1986; Chen, 1989; Chen et al., 1992) to estimate microbial protein supply in ruminants subjected to fluctuating feed supply and to use rumen kinetics and passage rate studies to in…”
Background
Effect of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet on ruminal fermentation and digesta flow kinetics in sheep offered food at a fixed and restricted level of intake
Carro, M. D., Valdés, C., Ranilla, M. J., & González, J. S. (2000) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800051663 · Cited by 57
Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on rumen methane emission and lactation performance of dairy cows
Branco, A. F., Giallongo, F., Frederick, T. W., Weeks, H. L., Oh, J., & Hristov, A. N. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-9015 · Cited by 56
Effect of a surfactant and exogenous enzymes on digestibility of feed and on growth performance and carcass traits of lambs
McAllister, T. A., Stanford, K., Bae, H. D., Treacher, R. J., Hristov, A. N., Baah, J., Shelford, J. A., & Cheng, K. J. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/a99-053 · Cited by 52
Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on olive leaves1
Ruiz, D. R. Y., Martín-García, A. I., Moumen, A., & Molina‐Alcaide, E. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.82103006x · Cited by 50
Purine derivative excretion and ruminal microbial yield in Malaysian cattle and swamp buffalo
Liang, J. B., MATSUMOTO, M., & Young, B. A. (1994) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/0377-8401(94)90123-6 · Cited by 50
Intake, digestion and microbial protein synthesis in sheep on hay supplemented with prickly pear cactus [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.] with or without groundnut meal
Misra, A. K., Mishra, A. S., Tripathi, M. K., Chaturvedi, O. H., Vaithiyanathan, S., Prasad, R., & Jakhmola, R. C. (2005) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.02.014 · Cited by 48
Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on productivity and responses to a glucose tolerance test in lactating dairy cows
Oh, J., Harper, M. T., Giallongo, F., Bravo, D. M., Wall, E. H., & Hristov, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11665 · Cited by 47
“…analyzer (Costech Analytical Technologies Inc.), urea N (Stanbio Urea Nitrogen Kit 580; Stanbio Laboratory Inc., San Antonio, TX), allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (Stanbio Uric Acid kit 1045; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), and creatinine (Stanbio Creatinine Kit 0400; Stanbio Laboratory…”
Background
Digestibility, nutrient balance and urinary purine derivative excretion in dry yak cows fed oat hay at different levels of intake
Long, R. J., Dong, S., Hu, Z. Z., Shi, J., Dong, Q., & Han, X.-B. (2004) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2003.11.004 · Cited by 47
Effect of dietary crude protein and forage contents on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from dairy cows simultaneously
Niu, M., Appuhamy, J. A. D. R. N., Leytem, A. B., Dungan, R. S., & Kebreab, E. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15498 · Cited by 49
The effect of the digestible undegradable protein concentration of concentrates and protein source offered to ewes in late pregnancy on colostrum production and lamb performance
Dawson, L. E. R., Carson, A. F., & Kilpatrick, D. J. (1999) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00101-7 · Cited by 46
The effect of energy and protein intake on the excretion of purine derivatives
Susmel, P., Stefanon, B., Plazzotta, E., Spanghero, M., & Mills, C. R. (1994) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859600068532 · Cited by 46
Using brown midrib 6 dwarf forage sorghum silage and fall-grown oat silage in lactating dairy cow rations
Harper, M. T., Oh, J., Giallongo, F., Lopes, J. C., Roth, G. W., & Hristov, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12552 · Cited by 44
“Briefly, raw urine from each sampling was acidified, diluted, and composited by cow and period and then frozen at −20°C for later analysis of allantoin, uric acid, creatinine, urea N, and total N. Allantoin was analyzed following the procedure by Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
Effect of added dietary nitrate and elemental sulfur on wool growth and methane emission of Merino lambs
Li, L., Silveira, C., Nolan, J. V., Godwin, I. R., Leng, R. A., & Hegarty, R. S. (2013) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an13222 · Cited by 44
“The concentration of allantoin in the urine was determined using the colourimetric method of IAEA (1997), and the yield of total microbial N from the rumen was then calculated using the prediction equations of Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
Comparative digestibility and digesta flow kinetics in two breeds of sheep
Ranilla, M. J., López, S., Giráldez, F. J., Valdés, C., & Carro, M. D. (1998) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800009528 · Cited by 42
Effects of Synchronization of Carbohydrate and Protein Supply on Ruminal Fermentation, Nitrogen Metabolism and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Holstein Steers
Seo, J. K., Yang, J., Kim, H. J., Upadhaya, S. D., Cho, W. M., & Ha, J. K. (2010) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2010.10247 · Cited by 42
“The daily output of purine derivatives in the urine was calculated, and this value was used to estimate the amount of microbial N absorbed, using the method of Chen et al. (1992).”
The effect of starch supplementation of straw on microbial protein supply in sheep
Gomes, M. J., Hovell, F. D. D., Chen, X., Nengomasha, E. M., & Fikremariam, D. (1994) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/0377-8401(94)90052-3 · Cited by 42
Sulfate supplementation of growing goats: effects on performance, acid-base balance, and nutrient digestibilities2
Qi, K., Lu, C. D., & Owens, F. N. (1993) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1993.7161579x · Cited by 42
Comparison of the protein evaluation systems of feeds for dairy cows
Tuori, M., Kaustell, K., & Huhtanen, P. J. (1998) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(98)00126-2 · Cited by 40
Effect of oral administration of Agave americana or Quillaja saponaria extracts on digestion and growth of Barbarine female lamb
Nasri, S., & Salem, H. B. (2012) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.04.001 · Cited by 39
The effect of roughage to concentrate ratio in the diet on nitrogen and purine metabolism in dairy cows
Gonda, H. L., Emanuelson, M., & Murphy, M. R. (1996) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(96)01049-8 · Cited by 39
“This fact would give further support to the use of the allantoin to creatinine ratio in spot samples of urine as an index of total urinary allantoin excretion, as also suggested by others (Antoniewicz et al., 1981; Lindberg, 1985; Balcells et al., 1991; Chen et al., 1992; Gonda and Lindberg, 1994), and thus avoiding t…”
Result
Ruminal fermentation modification of protein and carbohydrate by means of roasted and estimation of microbial protein synthesis
Andrade-Montemayor, H. M., García-Gasca, T., & Kawas, J. R. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982009001300028 · Cited by 37
Effects of long-term supplementation of chestnut and valonea extracts on methane release, digestibility and nitrogen excretion in sheep
Wischer, G., Greiling, A. M., Boguhn, J., Steingaß, H., Schollenberger, M., Hartung, K., & Rodehutscord, M. (2014) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731114000639 · Cited by 43
“The methane energy was calculated using the equation of Brouwer (1965) and converted to MJ. Microbial protein synthesis was calculated using the urinary excretion of purine derivatives according to equations (1) and (2) of Chen et al. (1992).”
Urinary excretions of purine derivatives and nitrogen in sheep given straw supplemented with different sources of carbohydrates
Balcells, J., Fondevila, M., Guada, J. A., Castrillo, C., & Surra, J. C. (1993) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s0003356100006905 · Cited by 37
Interactions of corn meal or molasses with a soybean-sunflower meal mix or flaxseed meal on production, milk fatty acid composition, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed grass hay-based diets
Brito, A. F., Petit, H. V., Pereira, A. B. D., Soder, K. J., & Ross, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8353 · Cited by 36
Effect of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid on ruminal fermentation, bacterial distribution, digestibility, and performance of lactating dairy cows
Lee, C., Oh, J., Hristov, A. N., Harvatine, K. J., Vazquez-Anon, M., & Zanton, G. I. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8904 · Cited by 36
“These samples were composited (equal volume based) by cow and period and analyzed for allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (Stanbio Uric Acid Kit 1045, Stanbio Laboratory Inc.”
Method
Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen use, and ruminal fermentation in sheep and goats fed diets of different quality1
Carro, M. D., Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Ranilla, M. J., & Molina‐Alcaide, E. (2012) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4577 · Cited by 34
“Two studies (Balcells et al., 1991; Chen et al., 1992) have been conducted in sheep to develop a similar RM.”
Influential
Utilization of Steam-treated Oil Palm Fronds in Growing Saanen Goats: II. Supplementation with Energy and Urea
Paengkoum, P., Liang, J. B., Jelan, Z. A., & Basery, M. (2006) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2006.1623 · Cited by 33
“The amount of microbial N supplied to the animal was calculated following Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
Purine derivative excretion and ruminal microbial yield in growing lambs fed raw and dry roasted legume seeds as protein supplements
Yu, P., Egan, A. R., Boonek, L., & Leury, B. J. (2002) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00314-5 · Cited by 33
Effect of form and of quality of feed on the concentrations of purine derivatives in urinary spot samples, daily microbial N supply and predictability of intake
Nsahlai, I. V., Osuji, P. O., & Umunna, N. N. (2000) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00138-3 · Cited by 33
“As with other studies (Chen et al., 1992d; Puchala and Kulasek, 1992; Barcells et al., 1993; Osuji et al., 1993) total urinary PD responded strongly to increased intake of digestible OM (Table 5).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effect of supplementation of maize stover with foliage of various tropical multipurpose trees and Lablab purpureus on intake, rumen fermentation, digesta kinetics and microbial protein supply of sheep
Hindrichsen, I. K., Osuji, P. O., Odenyo, A. A., Madsen, J., & Hvelplund, T. (2004) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.10.017 · Cited by 32
Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial nitrogen flow, microbial abundances, and methane emissions in goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits1
Romero-Huelva, M., & Molina‐Alcaide, E. (2012) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5212 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, high concentrate diet (AC) led to greater OM digestibility than diets including FB, supporting the relationship between urinary PD excretion and DOMI reported by Chen et al. (1992).”
Background
Nutritional characterization of Mucuna pruriens
Chikagwa-Malunga, S. K., Adesogan, A. T., Szabo, N. J., Littell, R. C., Phatak, S. C., Kim, S. C., Arriola, K. G., Huisden, C. M., Dean, D. B., & Krueger, N. A. (2008) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.006 · Cited by 30
“Reductions in concentrations of valerate and isovalerate with increasing Mucuna supplementation agree with the fermentation gas production results of Chikagwa-Malunga et al. (2008a). Such reductions typically reflect increased absorption of VFA or reduced deamination of proline and leucine, respectively, which could b…”
Background
Supplementation of graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to sheep feeding on maize stover harvested at three stages of maturity
Tolera, A. Y., & Sundstøl, F. (2000) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00205-4 · Cited by 30
“…constant 0.84 represent the recovery of absorbed purines as purine derivatives in urine and the components in the parentheses of the formula account for the contribution of endogenous purines, which decreases as exogenous purines become available for utilisation by the animal (Chen et al., 1992).”
BackgroundInfluential
Lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, enteric methane emissions, and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils
Silvestre, T., Martins, L. F., Cueva, S. F., Wasson, D. E., Stepanchenko, N., Räisänen, S. E., Sommai, S., Hile, M. L., & Hristov, A. N. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2022-23181 · Cited by 29
“Composited urine samples were then analyzed for allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (Uric Acid Kit 1045; Stanbio Laboratory), creatinine (Creatinine Kit 420; Stanbio Laboratory), and urine urea N ( UUN ; Urea Nitrogen Kit 580; Stanbio Laboratory).”
Method
Purine Derivatives in Snow-Urine as a Dietary Index for Free-Ranging Elk
Garrott, R. A., White, P. J. C., Vagnoni, D. B., & Heisey, D. M. (1996) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802372 · Cited by 29
Effects of eucalyptus oil and anise oil supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane emission, and digestibility in sheep1
Wang, B., Jia, M., Fang, L., Jiang, L., & Yan-ling, L. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/sky216 · Cited by 28
Incremental amounts of rumen-protected histidine increase plasma and muscle histidine concentrations and milk protein yield in dairy cows fed a metabolizable protein-deficient diet
Zang, Y., Silva, L. H. P., Ghelichkhan, M., Miura, M., Whitehouse, N. L., Chizzotti, M. L., & Brito, A. F. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15780 · Cited by 28
Effects of Synchronization of Carbohydrate and Protein Supply in Total Mixed Ration with Korean Rice Wine Residue on Ruminal Fermentation, Nitrogen Metabolism and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Holstein Steers
Piao, M. Y., Kim, H. J., Seo, J., Park, T., Yoon, J. S., Kim, K. H., & Ha, J. K. (2012) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12379 · Cited by 28
“The carbohydrate fraction of corn was highly degradable with the highest effective degradability.”
BackgroundMethod
Supplementation of Ascophyllum nodosum meal and monensin: Effects on diversity and relative abundance of ruminal bacterial taxa and the metabolism of iodine and arsenic in lactating dairy cows
Silva, L. H. P., Reis, S. F., Melo, A. T. O., Jackson, B. P., & Brito, A. F. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21107 · Cited by 27
Exogenous β-mannanase improves feed conversion efficiency and reduces somatic cell count in dairy cattle
Tewoldebrhan, T. A., Appuhamy, J. A. D. R. N., Lee, J.-J., Niu, M., Seo, S., Jeong, S., & Kebreab, E. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11017 · Cited by 27
“The urine samples were analyzed for total N (Chen et al., 1992) at Penn State University (State College, PA).”
Method
Production, milk fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization in grazing dairy cows supplemented with ground flaxseed
Isenberg, B. J., Soder, K. J., Pereira, A. B. D., Standish, R. B., & Brito, A. F. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15376 · Cited by 27
“), allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (assay kit no.”
Background
Effects of digestible undegradable protein (DUP) supply and fish oil supplementation of ewes during late pregnancy on colostrum production and lamb output
Annett, R. W., Carson, A. F., & Dawson, L. E. R. (2008) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.01.013 · Cited by 27
“Microbial N production was estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (uric acid, xanthine, hypothxanthine and allantoin) as described by Chen et al. (1992). ME supply was estimated from the retention of gross energy, based on the assumption that methane energy output is equivalent to 0.”
Method
Effects of a combination of Capsicum oleoresin and clove essential oil on metabolic status, lactational performance, and enteric methane emissions in dairy cows
Silvestre, T., Räisänen, S. E., Cueva, S. F., Wasson, D. E., Lage, C. F. A., Martins, L. F., Wall, E., & Hristov, A. N. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2022-22203 · Cited by 26
“Samples were composited by cow and experimental period and analyzed for allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (Stanbio Uric acid Kit 1045; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), urea-N (Stanbio Urea Nitrogen Kit 580; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), and creatinine (Stanbio Creatinine Kit 420; Stanbio Laboratory…”
Method
Nutritional characterization of Mucuna pruriens
Chikagwa-Malunga, S. K., Adesogan, A. T., Sollenberger, L. E., Phatak, S. C., Szabo, N. J., Kim, S. C., Huisden, C. M., & Littell, R. C. (2008) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.003 · Cited by 26
Effects of feed intake level on efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in Boran steers consuming tropical poor-quality forage
Wassie, S. E., Ali, A. I. M., Korir, D., Butterbach‐Bahl, K., Goopy, J. P., Merbold, L., Schlecht, E., & Dickhoefer, U. (2019) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2019.1572343 · Cited by 24
“Urinary excretion of endogenous PD differs between cattle genotypes (Osuji et al. 1996; Bowen et al. 2006) and is affected by dietary factors and the animals’ physiological state (Chen et al. 1992; Pérez et al. 1998).”
Background
Effect of supplementing veld hay with a dry meal or silage from pods of Acacia sieberiana with or without wheat bran on voluntary intake, digestibility, excretion of purine derivatives, nitrogen utilization, and weight gain in South African Merino sheep
Ngwa, A. T., Nsahlai, I. V., & Iji, P. A. (2002) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00035-0 · Cited by 25
Production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed ground field peas with or without ruminally protected lysine and methionine
Pereira, A. B. D., Whitehouse, N. L., Aragona, K. M., Schwab, C. S., Reis, S. F., & Brito, A. F. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12140 · Cited by 25
“, Ann Arbor, MI) using a microplate reader set at a wavelength of 492 nm, allantoin (Chen et al., 1992), uric acid (assay kit no.”
Method
Effect of level of oat hay intake on apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and urinary purine derivatives in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep
Zhou, J., Jing, X., Degen, A. A., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, G., & Long, R. (2018) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.023 · Cited by 25
The effect of supplementing straw with barley or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp on microbial protein supply in sheep estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion
Chen, X. B., Abdulrazak, S. A., Shand, W. J., & Ørskov, E. R. (1992) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s0003356100021103 · Cited by 25
Lactational performance, rumen fermentation, and enteric methane emission of dairy cows fed an amylase-enabled corn silage
Cueva, S. F., Stefenoni, H., Audino Melgar, M., Räisänen, S. E., Lage, C. F. A., Wasson, D. E., Fetter, M. E., Pelaez, A. M., Roth, G. W., & Hristov, A. N. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-20251 · Cited by 24
Effect of increasing concentrations of total dissolved salts in drinking water on digestion, performance and water balance in heifers
Alves, J. N., de Araújo, G. G. L., Neto, S. G., Voltolini, T. V., dos Santos, R. D., da Rosa, P. R., Guan, L., McAllister, T. A., & Neves, A. L. A. (2017) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859617000120 · Cited by 24
“…recovery of MPD; and 0·385 (mmol/d) is the contribution of endogenous PD. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen (MPSR, g N/d) was calculated according to Chen et al. (1992): MPSR ¼ ðMPD × 70Þ ð0 83 × 0 116 × 1000Þ where 70 is the N content of purines, in mg/mmol; 0·83 is the digestibility of…”
Method
Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention by sheep supplemented with warm-season legume haylages or soybean meal
Foster, J. L., Adesogan, A. T., Carter, J. N., Blount, A. R. S., Myer, R. O., & Phatak, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1828 · Cited by 24
Production performance and milk fatty acid profile in grazing dairy cows offered ground corn or liquid molasses as the sole supplemental nonstructural carbohydrate source
Brito, A. F., Soder, K. J., Chouinard, P. Y., Reis, S. F., Ross, S. A., Rubano, M. D., & Casler, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12618 · Cited by 23
“Allantoin concentration was determined as reported previously (Chen et al., 1992).”
Method
Simultaneous analysis of the main markers of nitrogen status in dairy cow's urine using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection
Boudra, H., Doreau, M., Nozière, P., Pujos‐Guillot, E., & Morgavi, D. P. (2012) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.094 · Cited by 22
Comparison of purines and nitrogen-15 as microbial flow markers in beef heifers fed barley- or corn-based diets
Hristov, A. N., McAllister, T. A., Ouellet, D. R., & Broderick, G. A. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/a04-054 · Cited by 22
Digestibility, methane production and nitrogen balance in sheep fed ensiled or fresh mixtures of sorghum–soybean forage
Orozco, R. L., Díaz, R. F., Alegría, A. C., & Fievez, V. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.014 · Cited by 22
“After measuring total urine excretion, each day a subsample (150 mL) was diluted to 700 mL (to prevent precipitation of uric acid (Chen et al., 1992) and a new subsample of 250 mLwas stored until chemical analysis.”
Method
Exploring feeding value of oak (Quercus incana) leaves: Nutrient intake and utilization in calves
Sharma, R. K., Singh, B., & SAHOO, A. (2008) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.01.022 · Cited by 22
The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on the metabolism and growth of ram lambs given food at a restricted level
Witt, M., Sinclair, L. A., Wilkinson, R. G., & BUTTERY, P. J. (1999) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800051481 · Cited by 22
Kinetics of allantoin metabolism in sheep
Kahn, L., & Nolan, J. V. (2000) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114500001963 · Cited by 21
“The relationship used for predicting outflow of microbial nucleic acid from the rumen may alter if non-renal excretion of PD is changed by unidentified factors (Chen et al. 1992).”
Dietary starch level and rumen-protected methionine, lysine, and histidine: Effects on milk yield, nitrogen, and energy utilization in dairy cows fed diets low in metabolizable protein
Zang, Y., Silva, L. H. P., Geng, Y., Ghelichkhan, M., Whitehouse, N. L., Miura, M., & Brito, A. F. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-20094 · Cited by 21

Authors: Chen, X. B., Chen, Y. K., Franklin, M. F., Ørskov, E. R., & Shand, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Venue: Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1992-05-01
Volume: 70
Issue: 5
Pages: 1534-1542
ISSN: 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
1525-3163
DOI: 10.2527/1992.7051534x
OpenAlex: W274450734
Cited by: 260
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 16.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Health
Keywords: purine derivatives, microbial protein supply, sheep, dry matter intake, body weight, urinary excretion, rumen nitrogen
MeSH terms: Allantoin, Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Body Weight, Digestion, Eating, Female, Hypoxanthines, Male, Purines, Rumen, Sheep, Uric Acid, Xanthines, Hypoxanthine, Xanthine

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The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep1

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