Cited by 260Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and Health

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The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep1

Chen, X. B., Chen, Y. K., Franklin, M. F., Ørskov, E. R., Shand, W. J.·1992·Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.2527/1992.7051534x

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Abstract

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was used to estimate the microbial N (MN) supply to sheep in three experiments designed to examine the effects of DMI and BW on the efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) to the host animal. In Exp. 1, four sheep of about 45 kg BW were given 328, 656, 984, and 1313 g of DM/d of a hay/concentrate diet in a Latin square design. Excretion of PD per kilogram of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased with intake, and EMNS increased from 12.0 to 28.3 g of MN/kg of OM digested in the rumen (DOMR). In Exp. 2, 19 sheep ranging from 22 to 73 kg BW were all offered 820 g of DM/d of the same diet as that fed in Exp. 1. Although DM digestibility was relatively constant, PD excretion varied from 4.5 to 13.5 mmol/d and EMNS from 8 to 36 g of MN/kg of DOMR, both inversely related to animal BW. In Exp. 3, five sheep of 48 to 57 kg BW were given a different diet at 702, 966, or 1,237 g of DM/d. Purine derivative excretion per kilogram of DOMI increased with the DMI:BW ratio. Calculated EMNS ranged from 23 to 35 g of MN/kg of DOMR. Pooled data from all experiments showed EMNS to be related to the DMI:BW ratio. It is suggested that the DMI:BW ratio defines the ruminal digesta passage rate and hence outflow of microbial protein. The results imply that the EMNS for a given diet is not constant, but changes with intake.

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Uden, P. C., Colucci, P. E., & Soest, P. J. V. (1980) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740310702 · Cited by 1,420
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Balcells, J., Guada, J. A., Castrillo, C., & Gasa, J. (1991) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s002185960007773x · Cited by 145
Measurement of purine derivatives in urine of ruminants using automated methods
Chen, X. B., Mathieson, J. G., Hovell, F. D. D., & Reeds, P. J. (1990) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740530104 · Cited by 87
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Chen, X., Kyle, D. J., Ørskov, E. R., & Hovell, F. (1991) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003481 · Cited by 36

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Background
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“75) (Chen et al., 1990) and ME is the ME content of the diet. ME contents of diets were derived from results of other experiments conducted by Liu (2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Rumen degradable nitrogen requirements for optimum microbial protein synthesis and nutrient utilization in sheep fed on finger millet straw (Eleucine coracana) based diet
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“Allantoin was analyzed following the procedure by Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
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Background
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Method
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MethodInfluential
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“The value is consistent to the finding by Chen et al. (1992) who fed sheep with a mixed hay and barley diet.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Nitrogen partitioning differs in sheep offered a conventional diploid, a high sugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two feed allowances
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“…Van Nevel [17], Dijkstra et al. [21]) in relation to (i) microbial recycling, mainly caused by protozoal engulfment [33], (ii) level of feed intake [10], (iii) composition of the supplemented rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) [6] [14] [31], (iv) type and conservation of roughage [2] [26] [43] and…”
BackgroundMethod
Crambe meal subjected to chemical and physical treatments in sheep feeding
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Cueva, S. F., Wasson, D. E., Martins, L. F., Räisänen, S. E., Silvestre, T., & Hristov, A. N. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-23957 · Cited by 10
Divergent effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on enteric methane emissions in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows, and its lack of synergy with acacia tannin extract
Islam, Z., Räisänen, S. E., He, T., Kunz, C., Li, Y., Ma, X., Serviento, A. M., Wang, K., Wang, M., Zeng, Z., et al. (2025) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2025.101603 · Cited by 10
Lactational performance and plasma and muscle amino acid concentrations in dairy cows fed diets supplying 2 levels of digestible histidine and metabolizable protein
Räisänen, S. E., Lage, C. F. A., Zhou, C., Audino Melgar, M., Silvestre, T., Wasson, D. E., Cueva, S. F., Werner, J. R., Takagi, T., Miura, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-20800 · Cited by 8
Production effects and bioavailability of N-acetyl-l-methionine in lactating dairy cows
Räisänen, S. E., Zhu, X., Zhou, C. S., Lage, C. F. A., Fetter, M. E., Silvestre, T., Stefenoni, H., Wasson, D. E., Cueva, S. F., Eun, J.-S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-20540 · Cited by 8
Microbial nitrogen production, nitrogen balance and excretion of urinary purine derivatives in Corriedale ewes under water deprivation
Nejad, J. G., Oskouian, E., Kim, B.-W., Lee, B. H., & Sung, K. (2016) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.1515/aoas-2016-0064 · Cited by 8
“DOMR=digestible OM in rumen calculated as 0.65×DOMI (g/d), Chen et al. (1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Purine excretion and estimated microbial protein yield in sheep fed diets differing in protein degradability
Webster, A. J. F., Kaya, Ş., Djouvinov, D. S., Kitcherside, M. A., & Glen, E. (2003) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00051-8 · Cited by 8
Effects of enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid extract in diets with reduced crude protein concentration on the rumen microbial efficiency and performance in lambs
Brito, E. F., Pereira, M. L. A., Silva, H. G. D. O., Soares, A. C. M., Correia, G. S., Sousa, L. B., Sousa, L. B., Soares, V. P. D. S., & de Paula, V. F. (2020) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/54/2020-cjas · Cited by 7
“The intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen (g MN/ day) was estimated from the amount of absorbed purines (mmol/day) according to the equation of Chen et al. (1992). The microbial CP synthesis was obtained by multiplying the MN by 6.25, whereas the microbial efficiency was determined by the formula of NRC (2001):”
MethodInfluential
In Vitro Incubations Do Not Reflect In Vivo Differences Based on Ranking of Low and High Methane Emitters in Dairy Cows
Cabezas-Garcia, E. H., Danielsson, R., Ramin, M., & Huhtanen, P. J. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11113112 · Cited by 8
“Both reduced digestibility and improved efficiency of microbial protein synthesis as suggested by a number of studies [62,69,70] appear to be the main factors contributing to reduced CH4 yield with increased passage rate (and feeding level).”
Background
Spineless Cactus plus Urea and Tifton-85 Hay: Maximizing the Digestible Organic Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation and Nitrogen Utilization of Wethers in Semi-Arid Regions
Mora-Luna, R. E., Herrera-Angulo, A. M., de Siqueira, M. C. B., da Conceição, M. G., Chagas, J. C. C., Monteiro, C. C. D. F., Véras, A. S. C., de Carvalho, F. F. R., & Ferreira, M. D. A. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12030401 · Cited by 7
Sugarcane replaced by cactus cladodes improves the ruminal dynamics of sheep
dos Santos, D. S., Macedo, A. V. M., da Conceição, M. G., de Siqueira, M. C. B., Mora-Luna, R. E., de Vasconcelos, E. Q. L., de Oliveira, J. P. F., Monteiro, C. C. D. F., Silva, J. D. L., & Ferreira, M. D. A. (2022) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106649 · Cited by 9
Lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and nutrient utilization of dairy cows supplemented with botanicals
Martins, L. F., Cueva, S. F., Silvestre, T., Stepanchenko, N., Wasson, D. E., Wall, E., & Hristov, A. N. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-23719 · Cited by 7
“Urine samples were composited on an equal volume basis per cow and analyzed for urea N ( UUN ; Urea nitrogen kit 580; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), uric acid (Uric acid kit 1045; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), creatinine (Creatinine kit 420; Stanbio Laboratory Inc.), and allantoin (Chen et al., 1992).”
Method
Separate offering of forages and concentrates to lactating dairy cows: Effects on lactational performance, enteric methane emission, and efficiency of nutrient utilization
Martins, L. F., Cueva, S. F., Wasson, D. E., Silvestre, T., Stepanchenko, N., Hile, M. L., & Hristov, A. N. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-24261 · Cited by 9
Effect of dietary energy levels on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep
Fujihara, T., Shem, M. N., & Nakamura, K. (2005) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00288.x · Cited by 7
Fibre Utilization By Ruminants
Natsir, A. (2007) · Hasanuddin University Repository · Cited by 7
Estimation of net ruminal protein synthesis from urinary allantoin excretion by bulls given tropical feeds
Shem, M. N., Hovell, F., & Kimambo, A. E. (1999) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00088-7 · Cited by 7
Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids and level of rumen degradable protein on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets
Valle, T. A. D., Zilio, E. M. C., Ghizzi, L. G., Marques, J. A., Dias, M. S. S., de Souza, J. M., Silva, T. B. P., Scognamiglio, N. T., Nunes, A. T., Gheller, L. S., et al. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104770 · Cited by 6
Partial replacement of sugarcane with cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes improves milk yield and composition in Holstein dairy cows
Sánchez, B. M. S., Véras, A. S. C., de Freitas, E. V., de Farias, L. R., de Albuquerque, J. G. S. S., Almeida, G. A. P., Mora-Luna, R. E., Monteiro, C. C. D. F., da Gama, M. A. S., & Ferreira, M. A. S. V. (2022) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an19648 · Cited by 7
Feeding time and sequence of forage rape and maize silage does not affect digestibility and rumen parameters in sheep
Kaur, R., Garcia, S. C., & Fulkerson, W. J. (2009) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/ea08261 · Cited by 6
Protein synthesis rates in skin components and skeletal muscle of sheep selected for divergent clean fleece weight in response to below- and above-maintenance nutrition
Li, L., Liu, S. M., Oddy, V. H., & Nolan, J. V. (2007) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1071/ar06373 · Cited by 6
“The yield of total microbial N from the rumen was then calculated using the prediction equations of Chen et al. (1992).”
Method
Effects of dietary neutral detergent fibre to protein ratio on duodenal microbial nitrogen flow and nitrogen losses in lactating cows fed high-concentrate total mixed rations with different forage combinations
Ren, Q., JIN, X., ZHANG, Z. H., Yang, H., & Li, S. L. (2015) · The Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.1017/s0021859614001312 · Cited by 5
“The allantoin and uric acid in the urine samples were determined to estimate ruminal MCP flow into the duodenum according to the method described by Chen et al. (1992).”
BackgroundMethod
Impact of corn silage substitution for dry alfalfa on milk fatty acid profile, nitrogen utilization, plasma biochemical markers, rumen fermentation, and antioxidant capacity in Mahabadi lactating goats
Sarabi, S. T., Fattah, A., Papi, N., & Mahmoudabad, S. R. E. (2023) · Veterinary and Animal Science · doi:10.1016/j.vas.2023.100323 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, urinary purine derivatives (PDs) are widely acknowledged as crucial variables for assessment, primarily because rumen microorganisms constitute the primary source of dietary protein for ruminants (Chen et al., 1992).”
Background
Effect of Level and Degradability of Rapeseed Meal in Rations for Dairy Cows: 2. Diet Digestibility, Dietary Nitrogen Partition and Urinary Purine Derivatives Excretion
Gonda, H. L., Lindberg, J. E., & Bertilsson, J. (1995) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064709509410912 · Cited by 5
Effects of dietary ratios of fish and blood meals on sites of digestion, small intestinal amino acid disappearance and growth performance of meat goat wethers
Soto-Navarro, S. A., Puchała, R., Sahlu, T., & Goetsch, A. L. (2005) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.04.026 · Cited by 5
NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY DAIRY GOATS OFFERED DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCES AS SUPPLEMENTS IN HIGH ISOCALORIC ENERGY CONCENTRATES
Asih, A. R. S., Wiryawan, K. G., & Young, B. A. (2011) · Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture · doi:10.14710/jitaa.36.1.36-42 · Cited by 5
Effect of ammoniation or protein supplementation of barley straw on digestion and purine derivative excretion in sheep
Mawuenyegah, P. O., Warly, L., HARUMOTO, T., & Fujihara, T. (1997) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800016039 · Cited by 5
Estimación de la síntesis de proteína microbial en rumiantes a traves de la medición de los derivados de purina en orina
Sandoval-Castro, C. A., & Gomez, F. H. (1999) · REVISTA BIOMÉDICA · doi:10.32776/revbiomed.v10i4.210 · Cited by 5
The effects of different amounts and types of fat on rumen microbial protein synthesis in sheep
Szumacher‐Strabel, M., Cieślak, A., Potkański, A., Kowalczyk, J., & Czauderna, M. (2001) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/70040/2001 · Cited by 5
“The reported yields of microbial nitrogen range from 14 to 49 g of microbial nitrogen/kg of OM apparently digested in the rumen (Chen et al., 1991) and depend mostly of the type of diet given. Pantoja et al. (1994) reported that dietary unsaturated fatty acids inhibit microbe growth and decrease fibre digestion. Accor…”
BackgroundInfluential
Determination of allantoin in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization
Czauderna, M., & Kowalczyk, J. (1995) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/69810/1995 · Cited by 5
Untargeted Metabolomics of Dairy Cows as Influenced by the Combinations of Essential Oil Blends and Fumaric Acid as Natural Feed Additives Using RUSITEC
Alabi, J. O., Okedoyin, D. O., Wuaku, M., Anotaenwere, C. C., Adelusi, O. O., Ike, K. A., Gray, D., Oderinwale, O. A., Enikuomehin, J. M., Ekwemalor, K., et al. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15100681 · Cited by 4
Effect of replacing peanut vine with extruded rape straw on growth, nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, microbial crude protein synthesis, meat amino acid and fatty acid profiles of finishing lambs
Yang, D., Sun, T., Zheng, Y., Ghaffari, M. H., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Li, X., & Ma, T. (2025) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txaf044 · Cited by 4
“The microbial nitrogen (MN, g/d) was then calculated based on the equation proposed by Chen et al (1992): where the digestibility of microbial purines is assumed to be 0.83 and the N content of purines is 70 mg N/mmol.”
Influential
Feeding incremental amounts of the red seaweed Chondrus crispus: Effects on production performance, methane emissions, nutrient utilization, and ruminal and iodine metabolism in dairy cows
Reyes, D. C., Sacramento, J. P., Quigley, C. T. C., Twining, B. S., Michaud, A. B., Emerson, D., Honisch, B., Keleher, O., Rahman, M. A., Price, N. N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-26244 · Cited by 4
In vitro and in vivo analyses of the nutritive value of native and ensiled partial crop field peas
Okon, P., Bachmann, M., Wensch-Dorendorf, M., Kuhnitzsch, C., Martens, S. D., Greef, J. M., Steinhöfel, O., Kuhla, B., & Zeyner, A. (2023) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115723 · Cited by 4
Energy requirement for primiparous Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy cows
Sacramento, J. P., de Oliveira, A. S., Leão, A. E., Fonseca, A. P., Coelho, S. G., Tomich, T. R., Machado, F. S., Ferreira, A. L., Campos, M. M., Silvi, R. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-24393 · Cited by 4
“Allantoin concentrations were determined based on the method described by Chen et al. (1992), and uric acid concentrations were measured using assay kit no. 1045–225 (Stanbio Laboratory, Boerne, TX).”
Method
Chapter 12 Partial Migration in Central Yellowstone Bison
Bruggeman, J. E., White, P. J. C., Garrott, R. A., & Watson, F. G. R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/s1936-7961(08)00212-1 · Cited by 4
Nitrogen excretion of adult sheep fed silages made of a mixed sward or of pure unfertilised grass alone and in combination with barley
Seip, K., Breves, G., Isselstein, J., & Abel, H. (2011) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2011.559730 · Cited by 4
“2005), sheep (Kreuzer et al. 1986; Chen et al. 1992; Puchala and Kulasek 1992) and goats (Plos 2005) under a variety of feeding conditions including fresh and differently preserved forages as well as varying maturity stages and intake rates of forage.”
Background
Ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed diets with different levels of date pulp
Khezri, A., Javidan, S., Dayani, O., & Tahmasbi, R. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an14586 · Cited by 4

Authors: Chen, X. B., Chen, Y. K., Franklin, M. F., Ørskov, E. R., & Shand, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Venue: Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1992-05-01
Volume: 70
Issue: 5
Pages: 1534-1542
ISSN: 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
1525-3163
DOI: 10.2527/1992.7051534x
OpenAlex: W274450734
Cited by: 260
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 16.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Health
Keywords: purine derivatives, microbial protein supply, sheep, dry matter intake, body weight, urinary excretion, rumen nitrogen
MeSH terms: Allantoin, Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Body Weight, Digestion, Eating, Female, Hypoxanthines, Male, Purines, Rumen, Sheep, Uric Acid, Xanthines, Hypoxanthine, Xanthine

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The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep1

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