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Cited by 65Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and Health

Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs1

Open access
Basso, F. C., Adesogan, A. T., Lara, E. C., Rabelo, C. H. S., Berchielli, T. T., Teixeira, I. A. M. A., Siqueira, G. R., Reis, R. A.·2014·Journal of Animal Science
DOI 10.2527/jas.2014-8258
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Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding corn silage inoculated without or with either Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) alone or a combination of LB and Lactobacillus plantarum (LBLP) on the apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance of lambs. Thirty Santa Inês×Dorper crossbred intact males lambs weighing 20.4±3.8 kg were blocked by weight into 10 groups. Lambs in each group were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 dietary treatments: untreated (Control), LB, and LBLP silage. Lambs were fed experimental diets for 61 d. The apparent digestibility was indirectly estimated from indigestible NDF measured on d 57 to 59. Spot urine samples were collected from all animals on d 59 to estimate microbial protein synthesis. Lambs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation on d 61 when they weighed 32.4±5.2 kg. Six additional ruminally cannulated Santa Inês×Dorper crossbred wethers weighing 40.5±1.8 kg were used to examine dietary effects on ruminal fermentation. Average daily gain was increased when lambs were fed LBLP silage (P<0.05) but not LB silage. The LBLP silage had the highest (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration and both inoculated silages had greater acetic acid concentrations than the Control silage (P<0.05). Inoculation of corn silage increased intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, total carbohydrate (CHO), and GE by the lambs but decreased digestibility of DM, OM, CP, total and nonstructural carbohydrates, and concentration of GE and ME. (P<0.05). Nevertheless, lambs fed inoculated silages had greater microbial N supply than those on the Control treatment (P<0.05). The acetate to propionate ratio was lower in ruminal fluid of wethers in LBLP treatment than LB and Control treatment (P<0.05) and ruminal pH tended to be greater in LB lambs than in LBLP and Control wethers (P<0.10). Finally, the inoculation with both bacteria combined enhanced the silage fermentation. The intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and GE were improved in the lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. plantarum. The microbial N supply was enhanced in the lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri. The inoculation of L. buchneri combined with L. plantarum reduced the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and improved the ADG of lambs.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Inoculating corn silage with *Lactobacillus buchneri* alone or with *L. plantarum* increased lamb nutrient intake and microbial N supply, while the combination also improved ADG and lowered the ruminal acetate:propionate ratio. Inoculated silages generally reduced apparent nutrient digestibility and DE/ME concentrations.

Key findings

  • Lambs fed LBLP silage had greater ADG than Control (206 vs. 198 g/d; P < 0.05), and ADG expressed relative to hot carcass yield was also greater for LBLP (83 vs. 68 g/d; P < 0.05). LB silage did not increase ADG (199 g/d).
  • Inoculated silages increased intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, CHO, and GE (P < 0.05), e.g., DM intake was 1,001 vs. 1,056 and 1,058 g/d for Control, LB, and LBLP, respectively. However, apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CHO, NSC, and GE and DE/ME concentrations were lower for inoculated silages (P < 0.05), e.g., DM digestibility was 71.9% vs. 68.3% and 67.2%.
  • Microbial N supply was greater in lambs fed LB silage (9.2 g/d) than Control (8.9 g/d), with LBLP intermediate (9.0 g/d; P < 0.05); DOMR was greater for both inoculated silages than Control (457 and 452 vs. 437 g/d; P < 0.05).
  • LBLP silage had the highest lactic acid concentration (93 vs. 67 and 62 g/kg DM for Control and LB; P < 0.05), and both inoculated silages had greater acetic acid than Control (42 and 55 vs. 27 g/kg DM; P < 0.05). Ruminal acetate:propionate ratio was lower in LBLP-fed wethers than LB and Control (P < 0.05), and ruminal pH tended to be greater in LB than LBLP and Control (P < 0.10).

Methods

  • Two experiments: Exp. 1 used 30 Santa Inês × Dorper intact male lambs (initial BW 20.4 ± 3.8 kg), blocked by weight into 10 groups and assigned to Control, LB, or LBLP corn silage diets for 61 d; apparent digestibility was estimated indirectly with indigestible NDF on d 57–59, spot urine was collected on d 59 for microbial protein synthesis, and lambs were slaughtered on d 61. Exp. 2 used 6 ruminally cannulated Santa Inês × Dorper wethers (40.5 ± 1.8 kg) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to measure ruminal fermentation.
  • Corn was harvested at approximately 32% DM and ensiled for 165 d after treatment with water (Control), 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g *L. buchneri* NCIMB 40788 (LB), or LB plus 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g *L. plantarum* MA18/5U (LBLP).
  • Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS; significance was declared at P < 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 ≤ P < 0.10.

Limitations

  • Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper; the paper does not include a formal limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: small sample sizes (30 lambs in Exp. 1 and 6 wethers in Exp. 2), a short 61-d feeding trial, and use of a single corn hybrid and location.
  • Evident from the text: digestibility was estimated indirectly using indigestible NDF, and microbial protein synthesis was estimated from spot urine samples rather than total collection; aerobic stability of the silages was discussed in the introduction but not reported as an outcome.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2527/jas.2014-8258

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 59 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Inoculated silages had lower OM concentrations than the Control silage.

    “Inoculated silages had lower OM concentrations than the Control silage (P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Microbial N supply was enhanced in lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri.

    “The microbial N supply was enhanced in the lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The digestibility of microbial purines is 0.83.
  • Findingcitation

    All pH values were low, falling within the range of 3.7 to 4.2.

    “All pH values were low as they fell within the range of 3.7 to 4.2 (Kung and Shaver, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kung and Shaver, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Ammonia N concentration was not affected by dietary treatment.

    “Ammonia N concentration was not affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Ruminal fluid pH values of wethers fed LB silage diet remained above 6 throughout the monitoring period.

    “ruminal fluid pH values of wethers fed the LB silage diet remained above 6 throughout the monitoring period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 37

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Intake of digestible OM and CHO were greater in lambs fed inoculated silage diets instead of Control.

    “Intake of digestible OM and CHO were greater in lambs fed inoculated silage diets instead of the Control diet”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lambs fed LB silage had similar NDF digestibility to those fed Control and 4.6% higher than those fed LBLP silage.

    “Lambs fed the diet containing LB silage had similar NDF digestibility to those fed the Control diet and 4.6% higher values than those fed the LBLP silage diet (P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculation of corn silage increased intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, total carbohydrate, and GE by lambs.

    “Inoculation of corn silage increased intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, total carbohydrate (CHO), and GE by the lambs”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CHO, NSC and GE, and concentrations of DE and ME were less for diets containing LB and LBLP silages compared to Control.

    “apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CHO, NSC and GE, and concentrations of DE and MEwere less for the diets containing LB and LBLP silages compared to that of the Control diet (P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Average daily gain was increased in lambs fed LBLP silage compared to Control, but not in lambs fed LB silage.

    “Average daily gain was increased when lambs were fed LBLP silage (P < 0.05) but not LB silage.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “Average daily gain was increased by 4% in lambs fed the diet containing LBLP silage instead of the Control silage (P < 0.05; Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Reduction in DM concentration between plant and silage was greater in inoculated silages (15 to 20 g/kg DM) than in Control.

    “the reduction in DM concentration between that in the plant and the silage was greater in inoculated silages (15 to 20 g/kg of DM)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lambs fed LBLP silage had PD and microbial N supply values that did not differ from other treatments.

    “but their PD and microbial N supply values did not differ from those of the other treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The digestibility of microbial purines is 0.83.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lambs fed diets containing LB and LBLP silages had greater intake of DM, OM, CP, NDF, CHO, and GE than those fed Control silage.

    “Lambs fed diets containing the LB and LBLP silages had greater intake of DM, OM, CP, NDF, CHO, and GE than those fed the Control silage (P < 0.05; Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculation of corn silage decreased digestibility of DM, OM, CP, total and nonstructural carbohydrates, and concentration of GE and ME.

    “but decreased digestibility of DM, OM, CP, total and nonstructural carbohydrates, and concentration of GE and ME.(P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lambs fed Control silage diet had greater G:F than those fed LB silage and similar values to lambs fed LBLP silage.

    “Lambs fed the Control silage diet had greater G:F than those fed the diet containing the LB silage and similar values to lambs fed the LBLP silage diet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    The EMNS values measured in this study fall within the range reported by the Agricultural Research Council (1984).

    “The values of EMNS observed in the present study are within the range of values”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agricultural Research Council (1984)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both microbial N supply and DOMR values were greater in lambs fed the inoculated silages than in lambs fed the Control silage.

    “Efficiency of microbial N synthesis did not differ among treatments because both microbial N supply and DOMR values were greater in lambs fed inoculated versus Control silages (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Silage inoculation did not affect the acetate, butyrate, or total VFA concentrations of ruminal fluid.

    “Acetate, butyrate, and total VFA concentrations of ruminal fluid were not affected by silage inoculation (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Lambs fed the LBLP silage had a numerically greater ruminal propionate proportion and a lower ruminal acetate to propionate ratio than lambs fed the other silages.

    “Therefore, the greater lactic acid concentration of the LBLP silage resulted in numerically greater ruminal propionate proportion and lower acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid of lambs fed this silage relative to the others (Table 4).”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “The inoculation with both bacteria combined reduced the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and improved the ADG of lambs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Average daily gain, and average daily gain expressed relative to hot carcass yield, were greater only in lambs fed the LBLP silage.

    “Although inoculation of corn silage with the heterofermentative LB alone or with LB and facultative heterofermentative LP resulted in increases in nutrient intake, digestibility, and microbial N supply, ADG and ADG expressed relative to hot carcass yield were greater only in lambs fed the LBLP silage.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “The inoculation with both bacteria combined reduced the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and improved the ADG of lambs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The greater reduction in DM concentration in inoculated silages presumably reflects increased water production due to greater fermentative activity.

    “presumably reflecting the increased water production due to greater fermentative activity (McDonald et al., 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McDonald et al., 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies also found increases in lactate concentration of corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri and L. plantarum and increases in acetic acid concentration of corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. plantarum.

    “In agreement, Weinberg et al. (2002), Filya (2003), and Hu et al. (2009) also found increases in the lactate concentration of corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri and L. plantarum and increases in the acetic acid concentration of corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. plantarum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Filya, 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hu et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The greater decrease in NDF concentration of LBLP silage may be related to partial acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose, which might have resulted in greater iNDF concentration in this silage since hemicellulose is the potentially digestible fraction of forage NDF.

    “This may be related to partial acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose (McDonald et al., 1991), which might have resulted in greater iNDF concentration in this silage since hemicellulose is the potentially digestible fraction of forage NDF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McDonald et al., 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase in lactic acid increased supply of substrates for conversion into acetic acid by L. buchneri; hence LBLP silage had highest acetic acid concentration.

    “The latter increased the supply of substrates for conversion into acetic acid by L. bu chneri; hence, the LBLP silage had the highest acetic acid concentration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lactic acid bacteria need carbohydrates as energy and carbon sources and metabolize NSC into organic acids.

    “Lactic acid bacteria need carbohydrates as energy and carbon sources and these microorganisms metabolize NSC into organic acids (Rooke and Hatfield, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rooke and Hatfield, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to Muck (2010), levels of acetic acid above 50 g/kg DM might negatively affect silage intake.

    “According to Muck (2010), levels of acetic acid above 50 g/kg of DM might negatively affect silage intake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muck, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Charmley (2001) reported that silage intake is not affected by high organic acid concentrations.

    “However, Charmley (2001) reported that silage intake is not affected by high organic acid concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Charmley, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitro studies show that LAB originating from silage inoculant can survive in ruminal fluid, interact positively with ruminal microorganisms, alter ruminal fermentation, and increase ruminal microbial biomass yield, enhancing functionality of the rumen.

    “In vitro studies show that LAB originating from silage inoculant can survive in ruminal fluid, interact positively with ruminal microorganisms, alter ruminal fermentation, and increase ruminal microbial biomass yield (MBY), enhancing the functionality of the rumen (Weinberg et al., 2004a,b;Contreras-Govea et al., 2011, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg et al., 2004a,b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Contreras-Govea et al., 2011, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of lambs gaining 200 g/d.

    “All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of lambs gaining 200 g/d (NRC, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NRC, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Silage LAB may compete more effectively for readily fermentable substrates, lowering ruminal lactic acid concentrations and raising ruminal pH, which would favor ruminal fibrolytic bacteria.

    “Therefore, they may compete more efficiently for readily fermentable substrates resulting in lower ruminal lactic acid concentrations and a greater ruminal pH, which would favor ruminal fibrolytic bacteria (Weinberg et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nkosi et al. attributed the greater DM intake to greater levels of water-soluble carbohydrates in the inoculated corn silage.

    “These authors attributed the greater DM intake to greater levels of water-soluble carbohydrates in the inoculated corn silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nkosi et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Nkosi et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cows fed corn silage inoculated with or without LAB did not differ in ruminal ammonia N.

    “Bayatkouhsar et al. (2011)also found no differences in the ruminal ammonia N (average of 15.85 mg/dL) of cows fed corn silage inoculated with or without LAB.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bayatkouhsar et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Initial BW was used as a covariate for analyzing performance and carcass data.

    “The initial BW was used as a covariate for analyzing performance and carcass data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and performance were analyzed as a randomized block design with 10 replicates.

    “Data on the effects of treatments on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and performance were analyzed as a randomized block design (with 10 replicates).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Silage LAB may survive in ruminal fluid and are likely more tolerant of ruminal acidity than are ruminal lactate-producing microorganisms.

    “Silage LAB might survive in ruminal fluid and they are likely to be more tolerant to ruminal acidity than ruminal lactate-producing microorganisms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In vitro work showed greater pH values in ruminal fluid of animals fed diets inoculated with LAB.

    “These findings agree with results obtained in vitro by Weinberg et al. (2004aWeinberg et al. ( ,b, 2007)), who showed greater pH values occurred in ruminal fluid of animals fed diets inoculated with LAB.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg et al. (2004a,b, 2007) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rowghani et al. (2008) observed no effects of inoculation of corn silage on nutrient digestibility in sheep.

    “Rowghani et al. (2008) observed no effects of inoculation of corn silage on nutrient digestibility in sheep.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rowghani et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Microbial N supply was calculated according to Chen et al. (1995).

    “Daily PD excretion and microbial N supply was calculated according to Chen et al. (1995;Eq. [3] to [5]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al., 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Ruminal parameter data were analyzed as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design.

    “Ruminal parameter data were analyzed as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The model for analyzing ruminal fermentation data included a repeated measures statement.

    “The model for analyzing ruminal fermentation data included a repeated measures statement; the treatments were the fixed effect and the animals and periods were considered random effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Lambs were blocked by weight into 10 groups and randomly assigned to dietary treatments.

    “Thirty Dorper × Santa Ines crossbred intact male, weaned lambs with average initial BW of 20.4 ± 3.8 kg were blocked by weight into 10 groups.Lambs in each group were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 dietary treatments: Control, LB, and LBLP silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Ammonia N was measured by distillation with 2 N KOH according to Fenner (1965).

    “Ammonia N was measured by distillation with 2 N KOH according to Fenner (1965).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fenner, 1965 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lambs fed a triticale-Hungarian vetch herbage inoculated with L. plantarum or L. buchneri showed no differences in ruminal parameters.

    “Keles and Demirci (2011) also did not find differences in the ruminal parameters of lambs fed a triticale-Hungarian vetch herbage inoculated with L. plantarum or L. buchneri.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keles and Demirci (2011)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Silage lactate can serve as an energy source in the rumen because some bacteria metabolize it mainly to propionate.

    “In the rumen, silage lactate can be used as energy, because is metabolized primarily to propionate by some bacteria (Charmley, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Charmley, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Banded Toeplitz and autoregressive average were the best covariance structures for the data as these had the lowest Aikaike information criterion scores.

    “Banded Toeplitz and autoregressive average were the best covariance structures for the data as these had the lowest Aikaike information criterion scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Steers fed high-moisture corn inoculated with L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium had a greater ruminal acetate concentration than steers fed control silage.

    “On the other hand, Fellner et al. (2001) observed greater concentration of acetate in the ruminal fluid of steers fed high-moisture corn inoculated with L. plan tarum and Enterococcus faecium than in those fed control silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fellner et al. (2001) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Apparent digestibility was determined indirectly using indigestible NDF as an indigestible marker.

    “Apparent digestibility was determined indirectly using indigestible NDF (iNDF) as an indigestible marker (Valente et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Valente et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The NDF and ADF concentrations were determined using the method of Van Soest et al. (1991).

    “The NDF and ADF concentrations were determined using the method of Van Soest et al. (1991) in an ANKOM 2000 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technologies, Macedon, NY) without sodium sulfite.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van Soest et al., 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    LAB can survive in the rumen and could affect rumen microbial biomass yield either directly through ruminal fermentation or by bacteriocins from the inoculant inhibiting undesirable bacteria.

    “that LAB can survive in the rumen and could affect rumen MBY either through a direct effect on ruminal fermentation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gollop et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chen et al. (1992) noted that apparent digestibility of DM and OM decreases as DM intake increases or as retention time decreases and rate of passage increases.

    “Chen et al. (1992) noted that the apparent digestibility of DM and OM decreases as DM intake increases or as retention time decreases and rate of passage increases (Mertens and Ely, 1982).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mertens and Ely, 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Increasing DM intake may increase microbial N supply.

    “Chen et al. (1992) reported that increasing DM intake may increase microbial N supply.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al. (1992) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These contrasting results could be due to differences among bacterial strains and application rates and differences in the magnitude of the intake responses as well as differences among animals and their inherent passage rates.

    “These contrasting results could be due to differences among bacterial strains and application rates and differences in the magnitude of the intake responses as well as differences among animals and their inherent passage rates (Mertens and Ely, 1982) among the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mertens and Ely, 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sheep fed grass silage inoculated with LAB showed improved nitrogen retention due to improved microbial N synthesis in the rumen.

    “Rooke et al. (1988) also found improvements in N retention due to improved microbial N synthesis within the rumen of sheep fed grass silage inoculated with LAB.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rooke et al. (1988) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Purine derivatives were measured as the sum of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine according to Chen and Gomes (1995).

    “Purine derivatives were measured as the sum of allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine according to Chen and Gomes (1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen and Gomes, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As reported by Chen et al. (1992), the decrease in digestibility is likely a response to the increase in intake, because there are linear negative relationships between intake and digestibility in lambs.

    “As reported by Chen et al. (1992), this is likely a response to the increase in intake, because there are linear negative relationships between intake and digestibility in lambs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was expressed as grams of microbial N per kilogram of digestible OM fermented in the rumen (DOMR; calculated as digestible OM intake × 0.65, according to the Agricultural Research Council (1984)).

    “The efficiency of microbial N synthesis (EMNS) was expressed as grams of microbial N per kilogram of digestible OM fermented in the rumen (DOMR; calculated as digestible OM intake × 0.65, according to the Agricultural Research Council (1984)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agricultural Research Council, 1984

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    ME was estimated as 0.82 from DE.

    “The ME was estimated as 0.82 from DE (NRC, 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NRC, 1985

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Steers fed grass silage inoculated with L. plantarum had a lower ruminal acetate to propionate ratio than steers fed control silage.

    “Keady and Steen (1994) also found lower acetate to propionate ratio in the ruminal fluid of steers fed grass silage inoculated with L. planta rum than in the animals that consumed control silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keady and Steen (1994)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Indigestible NDF was measured by incubating bags in the rumens of 2 bulls for 264 h.

    “Indigestible NDF was measured by incubating bags containing the feed, refusals, and feces samples in the rumens of 2 bulls for 264 h and determining the iNDF content in the residual feed and feces after the incubation (Casali et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Casali et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lambs fed corn silage inoculated with or without LAB in diets with a 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio had G:F values near 0.200.

    “Nkosi et al. (2009) reported G:F values near 0.200 in lambs fed corn silage inoculated with or without LAB in diets with forage to concentrate ratios of 50:50.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nkosi et al. (2009) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Together these factors likely produced the lower acetate to propionate ratio in lambs fed the LBLP silage diet and their greater average daily gain.

    “Collectively, both of these factors likely resulted in the lower acetate to propionate ratio of lambs fed the LBLP silage diet and to their greater ADG.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increased microbial N supply in lambs fed the inoculated silage diets may have been due to survival of the inoculant bacteria in the rumen or to increased DMI.

    “In this study, the increased microbial N supply in lambs fed inoculated silage diets may have been due to survival of inoculant bacteria in the rumen or to increased DMI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lactating dairy cows had greater intake of corn silage inoculated with a microbial additive, but their milk production was unaffected.

    “In contrast, Bayatkouhsar et al. (2011) found greater intake of corn silage inoculated with microbial additive by lactating dairy cows, but milk production was not affected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bayatkouhsar et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microbial inoculation of corn silage had no effect on DMI or milk production of dairy cows.

    “For instance, Kristensen et al. (2010) and Arriola et al. (2011) found no effect of microbial inoculation of corn silage on DMI and milk production of dairy cows.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kristensen et al. (2010) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Arriola et al. (2011) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a review of silage inoculant effects, average daily gain and milk production in beef and dairy cattle were increased by silage inoculation in 53 and 47% of the 15 and 36 experiments examined, with average increases of 5 and 3%, respectively.

    “Kung and Muck (1997) reviewed the effects of silage inoculants on animal performance and reported that in 53 and 47% of the 15 and 36 experiments they examined, ADG and milk production in beef and dairy cattle were increased by silage inoculation, with average increases of 5 and 3%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kung and Muck (1997)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sheep fed corn silage alone had an EMNS of 24.5 g/kg of DOMR.

    “Verbič et al. (2005) reported an EMNS of 24.5 g/kg of DOMR in sheep fed corn silage alone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Verbič et al. (2005) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lambs fed silage inoculated with LAB had greater nitrogen retention, attributed to better CP digestibility leading to greater N absorption and N use efficiency.

    “Nkosi et al. (2010, 2011) found greater N retention in lambs fed silage inoculated with LAB and attributed this to better digestibility of CP, which resulted in greater N absorption and N use efficiency in lambs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nkosi et al. (2010, 2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Improvements in microbial biomass yield are due to enhanced protein preservation during ensiling.

    “Contreras-Govea et al. (2013) suggested that the improvements in MBY are due to enhanced protein preservation during ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Contreras-Govea et al. (2013) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The greater average daily gain of lambs fed the LBLP silage may be due at least partly to more efficient ruminal energy use from metabolism of the higher lactate concentrations of that silage to propionate, and to the lower NDF concentrations of the inoculated silages reducing ruminal acetate proportion.

    “This may be due at least partly to the greater efficiency of ruminal energy utilization by lambs fed the LBLP silage due to metabolism of the greater lactate concentrations in the LBLP silage to propionate in the rumen as well as the lower NDF concentrations of the inoculated silages, which reduce ruminal acetate proportion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
64 of 64

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The problem of aerobic spoilage can be severe in corn silage that is not preserved with additives or fed out at an appropriate rate, especially in warm weather.

    “This problem can be severe in corn silage that is not preserved with additives or fed out at an appropriate rate, especially in warm weather.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Yeasts utilize lactic acid produced by LAB during aerobic exposure for growth.

    “Yeasts utilize lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during aerobic exposure for growth.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Depletion of lactic acid by yeasts increases the pH, which makes the silage conducive for the growth of spoilage-enhancing molds.

    “Depletion of lactic acid by yeasts increases the pH, which makes the silage conducive for the growth of spoilage-enhancing molds.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    L. plantarum has been combined with L. buchneri in silage inoculants to reduce DM losses and protein degradation during fermentation by faster and greater lactic acid production.

    “So the Lactobacillus plan tarum, a facultative heterofermentative LAB, has been combined with L. buchneri in silage inoculants to reduce DM losses and protein degradation during the fermentation by faster and greater lactic acid production.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The digestibility of microbial purines is 0.83.

    “the digestibility of microbial purines is assumed to be 0.83.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Discussion says digestibility increased, whereas results say it decreased

    Minor

    The discussion describes increased digestibility with inoculation, but the results explicitly report decreased apparent digestibility for the inoculated diets.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Kung, 1997, Animal response to silage additives, 200
  2. Kung, 2001, Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports, Focus Forage, 3, 1
  3. Kung, 2003, Silage additives, 305
  4. Silva Sobrinho, 2008, Aspectos quantitativos da produção de carne ovina, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Basso, F. C., Adesogan, A. T., Lara, E. C., Rabelo, C. H. S., Berchielli, T. T., Teixeira, I. A. M. A., Siqueira, G. R., & Reis, R. A.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil 14883-900
  • Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (BR)
Corresponding author
Basso, F. C.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Animal Science
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2014-12-01
Volume
92
Issue
12
Pages
5640-5650
ISSN
  • 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
  • 1525-3163
DOI
10.2527/jas.2014-8258
OpenAlex
W2008527180
Cited by
65
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
FWCI
7.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Animal Nutrition and Health
Keywords
Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, microbial inoculants, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, lambs, growth performance, feed intake, apparent digestibility, acetate to propionate ratio, rumen pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, carcass evaluation
MeSH terms
Acetates, Animals, Animal Feed, Animals, Newborn, Bacterial Proteins, Zea mays, Fermentation, Lactobacillus, Male, Propionates, Random Allocation, Rumen, Sheep, Silage, Probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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