The influence of landmark visualization style on expert wayfinders' visual attention during a real-world navigation task
Open accessAbstract
Landmarks serve to structure the environment we experience, and therefore they are also critically important for our everyday movement through and knowledge acquisition about space. How to effectively visualize landmarks to support spatial learning during map-assisted pedestrian navigation is still an open question. We thus set out to assess how landmark visualization styles (i.e., abstract 2D vs. realistic 3D) influence map-assisted spatial learning of expert wayfinders in an outdoor navigation study. Below we report on how the visualization of landmarks on mobile maps might influence wayfinder’s gaze behavior while trying to find a set of landmarks along a given route in an unfamiliar environment. We find that navigators assisted with mobile maps showing realistic-looking 3D landmarks more equally share their visual attention on task-relevant information, while those assisted with maps containing abstract 2D landmarks frequently switch their visual attention between the visualized landmarks and the mobile map to complete the navigation task. The presented analysis approach for the assessment of wayfinder’s gaze patterns has the potential to contribute ecologically valid insights for the understanding of human visual attention allocation during outdoor navigation, and to further understand how landmark depiction styles on mobile maps might guide wayfinders’ visual attention back to the environment to support spatial learning during map-assisted navigation.
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Our results are in line with previous studies that the visualization style does not hinder wayfinders with high-spatial abilities.
“On the other hand, our results are in line with the findings of previous studies that the visualization style does not hinder wayfinders with high-spatial abilities (Hegarty et al., 2009; Kapaj et al., 2021, 2023; Lanini-Maggi et al., 2021; Thrash et al., 2019; Wilkening & Fabrikant, 2011).”
From The influence of landmark visualization style on task performance, visual attention, and spatial learning in a real-world navigation task (2024) · cites this paper as Kapaj et al., 2021
Cites
The Nature of Landmarks for Real and Electronic Spaces
Sorrows, M. E., & Hirtle, S. C. (1999) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-48384-5_3 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Krejtz, K., Duchowski, A. T., Szmidt, T., Krejtz, I., Perilli, F. G., Pires, A. C., Vilaró, A., & Villalobos, N. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/2834121 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
User-Centered Design of Landmark Visualizations
Elias, B., & Paelke, V. (2008) · Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37110-6_3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Cheng, B., Wunderlich, A., Gramann, K., Lin, E., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.981625 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, B., Lin, E., Wunderlich, A., Gramann, K., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1024583 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationKapaj, A., Hilton, C., Lanini-Maggi, S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2024) · Spatial Cognition & Computation · doi:10.1080/13875868.2024.2328099 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…though users might prefer fully realistic-looking 3D visualizations, they do not necessarily perform better with these design solutions (Franke & Schweikart, 2017; Hegarty et al., 2009; Kapaj et al., 2021; Kray et al., 2003; Liao et al., 2017; Oulasvirta et al., 2009; Plesa & Cartwright, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLiang, Q., Liao, J., Li, J., Zheng, S., Jiang, X., & Huang, R. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26069 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, S., Liu, B., Feng, Y., & Meng, L. (2024) · Cartography and Geographic Information Science · doi:10.1080/15230406.2024.2409915 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Configuration of evaluation methods for mobile digital maps
Martins, V. E., Schmidt, M. A. R., Delazari, L. S., & Lima, M. D. C. (2024) · Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas · doi:10.1590/s1982-21702024000100016
- Authors
- Kapaj, A., Lanini-Maggi, S., & Fabrikant, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- eScholarship, University of California
- Publisher
- eScholarship, University of California
- Published
- 2021
- OpenAlex
- W3199439866
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UC Santa Barbara
- Geographic Information Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographic Information Systems Studies
- Keywords
- wayfinding, visual attention, gaze behavior, mobile maps, spatial learning, outdoor navigation
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