Arts and cultural participation among 17-year-olds

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other reviews of research have pointed to the lack of a strong evidence base on the impact of arts education on non-cognitive development.

“However, other reviews of research (See and Kokotsaki, 2015) have pointed to the lack of a strong evidence base on the impact of arts education on non-cognitive development.”

• cites See and Kokotsaki, 2015Supported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A Dutch study shows relative stability in attendance at cultural performances between the ages of 14 and 25 years, although a decline in reading for pleasure was observed between 14 and 19 years.

“However, a Dutch study shows relative stability in attendance at cultural performances between the ages of 14 and 25 years (Nagel, 2010), although a decline in reading for pleasure was observed between 14 and 19 years (Nagel and Verboord, 2012).”

• cites Nagel, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nagel and Verboord, 2012 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The most common cultural activities in which 17-year-olds engaged for fun or relaxation several times a week were listening to music (87%), surfing the internet (86%) and singing/playing a musical instrument (23%).

“The most common cultural activities in which young people engaged for fun or relaxation several times a week were listening to music (87%), surfing the internet (86%) and singing/playing a musical instrument (23%).”

May combine two claims.

Cinema attendance among 17-year-olds tended to be occasional rather than regular, although only one-fifth never went to the cinema.

“Cinema attendance tended to be occasional rather than regular, although only one-fifth of these 17-year-olds said they never went to the cinema.”

May combine two claims.

Take-up of Leaving Certificate art and music was much higher among young women, with music being more frequently studied by those from more advantaged backgrounds.

“Take-up of Leaving Certificate art and music was much higher among young women, with music being more frequently studied by those from more advantaged backgrounds.”

May combine two claims.

Overall, 17-year-olds viewed arts and culture as more important than religion and politics, though less important than family and friends.

“Overall, arts and culture were viewed by 17-year-olds as more important than religion and politics -though unsurprisingly, less important than some other areas such as family and friends.”

May combine two claims.

Young people who spent three or more hours playing computer games at age 13 had consistently poorer outcomes at 17: lower grades, poorer life satisfaction, lower self-esteem and greater socio-emotional difficulties, even taking account of a broad range of individual characteristics.

“However, young people who spent three or more hours playing computer games (at age 13) had consistently poorer outcomes at 17; they had lower grades, poorer life satisfaction, lower self-esteem and greater socio-emotional difficulties, even taking account of a broad range of individual characteristics.”

Borderline on S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based): unclear from the text.

Those from lone-parent families had slightly higher rates of reading than might be expected, given their profile.

“Those from lone-parent families had slightly higher rates of reading than might be expected, given their profile.”

May combine two claims.

There was no significant variation in reading for pleasure by migrant status, household income or whether the young person lives in an urban or rural area.

“There was no significant variation by migrant status, household income or whether the young person lives in an urban or rural area.”

May combine two claims.

Those who had taken part in the Transition Year programme were much more likely to take art or music for their Leaving Certificate and to engage in making music or other structured cultural activities outside school, even taking account of their social background.

“Those who had taken part in the Transition Year programme were much more likely to take art or music for their Leaving Certificate and to engage in making music or other structural cultural activities outside school, even taking account of their social background.”

May combine two claims.

Participation was highly differentiated by family socio-economic background, with those from professional/managerial or graduate families more likely to read, make music and participate in structured cultural activities, and less likely to be involved in digital culture (at least on weekdays).

“Participation was also highly differentiated by family socio-economic background, with those from professional/managerial or graduate families more likely to read, make music and participate in structured cultural activities, and less likely to be involved in digital culture (at least on weekdays).”

May combine two claims.

Participation in arts and cultural activities is stratified socially and by gender.

“and participation is stratified socially and by gender.”

May combine two claims.

Schools in the DEIS programme were as likely as non-DEIS schools to provide extracurricular cultural activities; this appeared to reduce the gap in participation in structured activities.

“Schools in the Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) programme were as likely as non-DEIS schools to provide extracurricular cultural activities; this appeared to reduce the gap in participation in structured activities.”

May combine two claims.

Marked gender differences were evident in the type and level of arts and cultural participation, with young women much more likely than young men to read for pleasure, to make music and to take part in structured cultural activities.

“Marked gender differences were evident in relation to the type and level of arts and cultural participation, with young women much more likely than young men to read for pleasure, to make music (singing/playing an instrument) and to take part in structured cultural activities (such as music/drama clubs).”

May combine two claims.

Cinema attendance among 17-year-olds tended to be occasional rather than regular, though only one-fifth never went to the cinema.

“Cinema attendance tended to be occasional rather than regular, though only one-fifth of the cohort never went to the cinema.”

May combine two claims.

Young women were much more likely to read frequently than young men, across all social class groups, though the difference was small for those from non-employed families.

“Young women were much more likely to read frequently than young men, across all social class groups, though the difference was small for those from non-employed families.”

May combine two claims.

The most frequent activities among 17-year-olds were listening to music and surfing the internet, with almost four-fifths engaging in these activities several times a week.

“The most frequent activities were listening to music and surfing the internet, with almost four-fifths of young people engaging in these activities several times a week.”

May combine two claims.

Both life satisfaction and self-esteem are lower where young people play computer games regularly.

“Similar to the findings of earlier research, both life satisfaction and self-esteem are lower where young people play computer games regularly.”

May combine two claims.

23 per cent of 17-year-olds sang or played a musical instrument several times a week, with a further 10 per cent engaging weekly, and over half (59%) never sang or played an instrument.

“In terms of other cultural activities, 23 per cent of young people sang or played a musical instrument several times a week, with a further 10 per cent engaging in these activities on a weekly basis.Over half (59%) of young people never sang or played an instrument.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Less than one in six (14%) of 17-year-olds read for pleasure several times a week while over half (53%) said they never did so.

“Less than one in six (14%) of young people read for pleasure several times a week while over half (53%) said they never did so.”

May combine two claims.

Singing/playing an instrument and reading were somewhat less common than team sports or running/going to the gym but more frequent than going to clubs, pubs or parties.

“The cultural activities of singing/playing an instrument and reading were somewhat less common than team sports or running/going to the gym but more frequent than going to clubs, pubs or parties.”

May combine two claims.

Among young men, reading was more common for the professional/managerial group, with little systematic variation among the other class groups.

“Among young men, reading was more common for the professional/managerial group, with little systematic variation among the other class groups.”

May combine two claims.

Less than half of 17-year-olds played computer games regularly, with time spent on gaming increasing from the weekday to the weekend (9% to 18% spending two or more hours per day).

“Less than half of young people played computer games regularly, with time spent on gaming also increasing from the weekday to the weekend (9% to 18% spending two or more hours per day).”

May combine two claims.

Larger schools, fee-paying schools and single-sex girls' schools were more likely to offer art and music as subjects at Leaving Certificate level, as well as a broader range of extracurricular cultural activities (such as choir and musical instrument tuition).

“Larger schools, fee-paying schools and single-sex girls' schools were more likely to offer art and music as subjects at Leaving Certificate level, as well as a broader range of extracurricular cultural activities (such as choir and musical instrument tuition).”

May combine two claims.

The vast majority of 17-year-olds spent at least some time watching TV/films, with the proportion watching TV for two or more hours a day increasing from 19 per cent on weekdays to 37 per cent at the weekend.

“The vast majority of young people spent at least some time watching TV/films, with the proportion watching TV for two or more hours a day increasing from 19 per cent on weekdays to 37 per cent at the weekend.”

May combine two claims.

There is a decline in participation among young people in reading for pleasure, playing an instrument, and structured cultural activities during their teenage years.

“There is a decline in participation among young people in all of these activities in their teenage years”

May combine two claims.

Young people from more highly educated families placed more importance on arts and culture, though less so among the highest income group.

“Young people from more highly educated families also placed more importance on arts and culture; though less so among the highest income group.”

May combine two claims.

Those who have taken music at junior cycle level are much more likely to take it at senior cycle level; those who had taken art are less likely to take music for Leaving Certificate.

“Those who have taken music at junior cycle level are much more likely to take it at senior cycle level; those who had taken art are less likely to take music for Leaving Certificate.”

May combine two claims.

With an average rating of 3.2 out of six, art and culture were rated as less important than parents and siblings (5.7), health, friends and acquaintances, one's own family and children, education, free time/relaxation, profession/work, partnership (4.2) and engagement in associations/organisation (4.0).

“With an average rating of 3.2 (out of six), art and culture were rated as less important than parents and siblings (5.7), health, friends and acquaintances, one's own family and children, education, free time/relaxation, profession/work, partnership (4.2) and engagement in associations/organisation (4.0).”

May combine two claims.

Weekend TV/film watching was less differentiated by family background, with higher rates among young women (except for the non-employed group).

“The pattern at the weekend was less differentiated by family background, with higher rates among young women (except for the non-employed group).”

May combine two claims.

The proportion of young people who never watch TV/video/film on a weekday evening is very small and relatively stable between nine and 13 years, though it increased markedly by 17 years.

“The proportion of young people who 'never' watch TV/video/film on a weekday evening is very small and relatively stable between nine and 13 years, though it increased markedly by 17 years (Figure 3.3).”

May combine two claims.

Despite the decline in participation, earlier involvement is strongly predictive of later engagement.

“Despite this decline in participation, earlier involvement is found to be strongly predictive of later engagement.”

May combine two claims.

Among males, weekday computer game participation was somewhat higher among semi/unskilled manual and non-employed groups than among their advantaged peers, but this difference was not evident at the weekend.

“Among males, weekday participation was somewhat higher among semi/unskilled manual and non-employed groups than among their advantaged peers, but this difference was not evident in terms of weekend involvement.”

May combine two claims.

Involvement in structured cultural activities at 17 is very strongly related to participation at nine and 13 but the social gradient in involvement is only partly explained by earlier patterns.

“Similarly, involvement in structured cultural activities at 17 is very strongly related to participation at nine and 13 but the social gradient in involvement is only partly explained by earlier patterns.”

May combine two claims.

Young people at 17 are less likely to read for pleasure, take part in music/drama classes or clubs, watch TV/films or play computer games (at least on weekdays) than they were at 13 (or nine) years of age.

“Thus, young people at 17 are less likely to read for pleasure, take part in music/drama classes or clubs, watch TV/films or play computer games (at least on weekdays) than they were at 13 (or nine) years of age.”

May combine two claims.

Responses on the importance of art and culture were mainly around the middle of the distribution (three), with 15 per cent rating art and culture as 'not important at all' and eight per cent rating them as 'very important'.

“Responses in relation to art and culture were mainly around the middle of the distribution (three), with 15 per cent rating art and culture as 'not important at all' and eight per cent rating them as 'very important' (Figure 2.7).”

May combine two claims.

Almost one-quarter (23%) of 17-year-olds reported involvement in art, drama, dance or music clubs/groups/rehearsals in the year prior to the survey, compared to 56 per cent for sports clubs/teams.

“Almost one-quarter (23%) reported such involvement, compared to the higher figure of 56 per cent for sports clubs/teams.”

May combine two claims.

There is little consistent variation by involvement in digital culture, though recorded time spent watching TV at 13 years is negatively related to participation in music/drama/dance classes or clubs at 17.

“There is little consistent variation by involvement in digital culture, though recorded time spent watching TV at 13 years is negatively related to participation in music/drama/dance classes or clubs at 17.”

May combine two claims.

Participation in structured cultural activities at 17 is much more common among those who had taken part in such activities in middle childhood or adolescence; those involved at age 13 are much more likely to be involved at 17 years.

“Participation is found to be much more common among those who had taken part in such activities in middle childhood or adolescence -those involved at age 13 are, all else being equal, much more likely to be involved at 17 years.”

May combine two claims.

Those who spent more time reading at 13 are less likely to spend time watching TV four years later, but earlier involvement in structured cultural activities has no significant effect.

“Those who spent more time reading at 13 are less likely to spend time watching TV four years later but earlier involvement in structured cultural activities has no significant effect.”

May combine two claims.

There was no significant difference in the perceived importance of art and culture by family structure, migrant status or having a SEN, though young people from urban areas placed a stronger emphasis on them.

“There was no significant difference in the perceived importance of art and culture by family structure, migrant status or having a SEN, though young people from urban areas placed a stronger emphasis on them.”

May combine two claims.

One in six (15%) of the 17-year-olds took or were taking art for the Leaving Certificate, while 12 per cent were taking Leaving Certificate music.

“One in six (15%) of the 17-year-olds took or were taking art for the Leaving Certificate, while 12 per cent were taking Leaving Certificate music.”

May combine two claims.

Young women are more likely to attend schools that offer choir or dance, while those from more advantaged backgrounds are more likely to have access to drama and musical instrument tuition than their less advantaged peers.

“Reflecting these patterns, young women are more likely to attend schools that offer choir or dance, while those from more advantaged backgrounds (in terms of parental social class or education) are more likely to have access to drama and musical instrument tuition than their less advantaged peers.”

May combine two claims.

Young people from more highly educated families rated art and culture as more important; this was somewhat less likely for the highest income group.

“Young people from more highly educated families rated art and culture as more important; this was somewhat less likely for the highest income group.”

May combine two claims.

Listening to music was a very common activity, while frequent engagement in reading for pleasure and singing/playing a musical instrument was common for a significant minority.

“Listening to music was found to be a very common activity, while frequent engagement in reading for pleasure and singing/playing a musical instrument was common for a significant minority.”

May combine two claims.

For young women, involvement in singing/playing a musical instrument was highest among the professional/managerial group, with little systematic variation among the other groups.

“For young women, involvement was highest among the professional/managerial group, with little systematic variation among the other groups.”

May combine two claims.

The pattern from the time-use diary is less clear-cut, though time spent reading at 13 reduces later TV watching, while TV watching at nine increases it.

“The pattern from the time-use diary is less clear-cut, though time spent reading at 13 reduces later TV watching, while TV watching at nine increases it.”

May combine two claims.

Girls' schools are more likely to provide choir, instrument tuition and dance than coeducational or boys' schools, with hardly any boys' schools offering dance.

“Girls' schools are more likely to provide choir, instrument tuition and dance than coeducational or boys' schools, with hardly any boys' schools offering dance.”

May combine two claims.

There is a clear gender gap in take-up of art, but little variation by social class background, mother's education or household income.

“There is a clear gender gap in take-up of art, but little variation by social class background, mother's education or household income.”

May combine two claims.

Music take-up does not vary by family structure or migrant status, though it is much lower among young people with SEN.

“Take-up of music does not vary by family structure or migrant status, though it is much lower among young people with SEN.”

May combine two claims.

Participation in structured cultural activities was somewhat lower among the second lowest income group, but there is little systematic variation by household income.

“Participation was somewhat lower among the second lowest income group, but there is little systematic variation by household income.”

May combine two claims.

Further analysis indicates that music tends to attract those who had taken more higher-level subjects at junior cycle level, a pattern that explains at least part of the variation by SEN.

“Further analysis (not shown here) indicates that music tends to attract those who had taken more higher-level subjects at junior cycle level, a pattern that explains at least part of the variation by SEN.”

May combine two claims.

90 per cent of young people used the internet to watch movies, 89 per cent used it to listen to music, and 39 per cent used it to play games.

“90 per cent used the internet to watch movies, 89 per cent used it to listen to music and 39 per cent used it to play games.”

May combine two claims.

Synergies are found between reading and some other forms of cultural participation, with structured cultural participation more prevalent among those who read for pleasure at an earlier age.

“Synergies are found between reading and some other forms of cultural participation, with structured cultural participation more prevalent among those who read for pleasure at an earlier age.”

May combine two claims.

All else being equal, the decline in structured cultural involvement between 13 and 17 years is less evident among more educated households and, at least for males, more evident among disadvantaged households.

“Thus, all else being equal, the decline in involvement between 13 and 17 years is less evident among more educated households and, at least for males, more evident among disadvantaged households.”

May combine two claims.

Art take-up is somewhat lower in girls' schools than might be expected given their profile; the large gender gap found in art take-up is slightly smaller in single-sex than in coeducational schools.

“Art take-up is somewhat lower in girls' schools than might be expected given their profile; in other words, the large gender gap found in art take-up is slightly smaller in single-sex than in coeducational schools.”

May combine two claims.

Cinema attendance is more common among those who had engaged in any reading for pleasure at nine or 13, but is not significantly related to the amount of time spent reading.

“Cinema attendance is more common among those who had engaged in any reading for pleasure at nine or 13, but is not significantly related to the amount of time spent reading (Table 3.4).”

May combine two claims.

Relative rates of increase in never reading for pleasure were somewhat greater for those from graduate families and those without a SEN.

“However, relative rates of increase were somewhat greater for those from graduate families and those without a SEN (Table 3.1).”

May combine two claims.

Art take-up does not vary by the provision of extracurricular subjects or by whether or not the young person has taken Transition Year.

“Art take-up does not vary by the provision of extracurricular subjects or by whether or not the young person has taken Transition Year (TY).”

May combine two claims.

There was a significant decline in structured cultural participation over the transition to second-level education (from 39% to 34%) and a much greater decline after the transition into or beyond senior cycle (from 34% to 23%).

“a significant decline in participation is found, with a decline over the transition to second-level education (from 39% to 34%) and a much greater decline after the transition into or beyond senior cycle (from 34% to 23%).”

May combine two claims.

Only part of the gender gap in computer gaming is explained by activities at nine and 13, with very substantial differences between males and females with similar profiles of cultural activities at a younger age.

“Only part of the gender gap in computer gaming is explained by activities at nine and 13, with very substantial differences between males and females with similar profiles of cultural activities at a younger age.”

May combine two claims.

Cinema attendance is associated with having spent more time playing computer games at nine or moderate amounts of time on such games at 13.

“though cinema attendance is associated with having spent more time playing computer games at nine or moderate amounts of time on such games at 13.”

May combine two claims.

Music take-up is highly gendered, but take-up of music is higher than take-up of art among those with graduate mothers and those from middle- and higher-income groups.

“As a subject, music resembles art in the sense that its take-up is highly gendered, but take-up of music is higher than take-up of art among those with graduate mothers and those from middle-and higher-income groups (Table 4.1).”

May combine two claims.

Among males, involvement in singing/playing a musical instrument did not vary markedly by social class, though it was slightly higher among those from professional/managerial backgrounds.

“Among males, involvement did not vary markedly by social class, though this was slightly higher among those from professional/managerial backgrounds.”

May combine two claims.

Weekday computer game participation was lower among more educated groups and those from higher-income families, the latter also having lower levels of weekend engagement.

“Levels of participation on a weekday were lower among more educated groups and those from higher-income families, the latter also having lower levels of weekend engagement.”

May combine two claims.

Art take-up is somewhat higher in medium and large schools, most likely reflecting the greater likelihood of provision in these schools.

“Take-up is also somewhat higher in medium and large schools, most likely reflecting the greater likelihood of provision in these schools (see Section 4.2).”

May combine two claims.

Engaging in structured cultural activities at age nine is associated with reading levels at 17, but this is because it influences reading levels at 13 years; no direct effect is found when reading at 13 is taken into account.

“Engaging in structured cultural activities at age nine is associated with reading levels at 17 (analyses not shown here), but this is because it influences reading levels at 13 years; no direct effect is found when reading at 13 is taken into account.”

May combine two claims.

72 per cent of those with graduate mothers attend a school offering music, compared with 63 per cent of those whose mothers have Junior Certificate education or less.

“For example, 72 per cent of those with graduate mothers attend a school offering music, compared with 63 per cent of those whose mothers have Junior Certificate education or less.”

May combine two claims.

A social gradient in involvement was evident, with those from graduate or professional/managerial households more likely to be involved in reading, making music and taking part in structured cultural activities, and less likely to be involved in digital culture on weekdays.

“A social gradient in involvement was also evident, with those from graduate or professional/managerial households more likely to be involved in reading, making music and taking part in structured cultural activities, and less likely to be involved in digital culture on weekdays.”

May combine two claims.

The average amount of time spent watching TV is relatively stable between nine and 13 years, decreasing by almost half an hour by 17.

“Similarly, the average amount of time spent watching TV is relatively stable between nine and 13 years, decreasing by almost half an hour by 17.”

May combine two claims.

The gender gap in cinema attendance was small, except for the non-employed group where female rates of attendance were much higher than among males.

“The gender gap was also small, except for the non-employed group where female rates of attendance were much higher than among males.”

May combine two claims.

Involvement in structured cultural activities did not vary by SEN, family structure, migrant status or location.

“Involvement in structured cultural activities did not vary by SEN, family structure, migrant status or location.”

May combine two claims.

Girls' schools are more likely to offer art or music than coeducational schools, while provision of music is lowest in boys' schools.

“Girls' schools are more likely to offer these subjects than coeducational schools, while provision of music is lowest in boys' schools.”

May combine two claims.

Migrant young people were more likely never to read at nine years of age, with this gap closing by 13 years of age and rates of never reading at 17 being lower for those from migrant families than for those with Irish-born parents.

“Migrant young people were more likely never to read at nine years of age, with this gap closing by 13 years of age and rates of never reading at 17 being lower for those from migrant families than for those with Irish-born parents.”

May combine two claims.

The gender gap in art take-up is even larger before take-up of Junior Certificate art is taken into consideration; part of the gender gap regarding take-up of Leaving Certificate art reflects decisions about subject choice at junior cycle level.

“In fact, the gender gap is even larger before takeup of Junior Certificate art is taken into consideration; thus, part of the gender gap regarding take-up of Leaving Certificate art reflects decisions about subject choice at junior cycle level.”

May combine two claims.

Young people with a SEN were more likely to spend more than one hour per day on computer games on a weekday, but the weekend patterns for this group were similar to those for young people without a SEN.

“Young people with a SEN were more likely to do so on a weekday, but the weekend patterns for this group were similar to those for young people without a SEN.”

May combine two claims.

The proportion of young people who never play computer games is relatively stable and very low between nine and 13 years, but increases to over one-quarter by the age of 17.

“Similarly, the proportion of young people who never play computer games is relatively stable (and very low) between nine and 13 years but increases to over one-quarter by the age of 17.”

May combine two claims.

Those from lone-parent families are somewhat more likely to take art than those from two-parent families, while young people from immigrant families are much more likely to take it than those of similar characteristics from Irish backgrounds.

“Those from lone-parent families are somewhat more likely to take art than those from two-parent families, while young people from immigrant families are much more likely to take it than those of similar characteristics from Irish backgrounds.”

May combine two claims.

Over and above the effects of social class, young people with more highly educated mothers were more likely to participate in structured cultural activities, with the odds among those with graduate mothers being 2.1 times higher than for those whose mothers have Junior Certificate qualifications at most.

“Over and above the effects of social class, young people with more highly educated mothers were more likely to participate, with the odds among those with graduate mothers being 2.1 times higher than for those whose mothers have Junior Certificate qualifications at most (Table 2.4).”

May combine two claims.

Watching TV/films was very common, especially at the weekends, but playing computer games was much less prevalent.

“Watching TV/films was very common, especially at the weekends, but playing computer games was much less prevalent.”

May combine two claims.

The gap between young people from migrant families and their peers in structured cultural participation narrows between nine and 13 years; thereafter, participation remains at similar levels to those from Irish families.

“As with reading patterns, the gap between young people from migrant families and their peers narrows between nine and 13 years; thereafter, participation remains at similar levels to those from Irish families.”

May combine two claims.

Almost one-tenth spent two or more hours on computer games during the week, with this figure rising to almost one-fifth (18%) at weekends.

“almost one-tenth spent two or more hours during the week, with this figure rising to almost one-fifth (18%) at weekends.”

May combine two claims.

Music take-up does not vary by school social mix, but it is lower in girls' schools than might be expected; the gender gap in take-up is somewhat smaller in single-sex than in coeducational schools.

“Music take-up does not vary by school social mix, but it is lower in girls' schools than might be expected; in other words, and as with art, the gender gap in take-up is somewhat smaller in single-sex than in coeducational schools.”

May combine two claims.

Art take-up is somewhat higher in DEIS schools than in non-DEIS schools but this is related to higher take-up of art at junior cycle level, with no significant difference evident when this is taken into account.

“Art take-up is somewhat higher in DEIS schools than in non-DEIS schools but this is related to higher take-up of art at junior cycle level, with no significant difference evident when this is taken into account.”

May combine two claims.

Very significant gender differences in cultural participation were evident, with young women much more likely to read for pleasure, make music and take part in structured cultural activities, and less likely to play computer games.

“very significant gender differences in cultural participation were evident, with young women much more likely to read for pleasure, make music and take part in structured cultural activities, and less likely to play computer games.”

May combine two claims.

Young women are slightly more likely to attend a school offering art and much more likely to attend a school offering music.

“Young women are slightly more likely to attend a school offering art and much more likely to attend a school offering music.”

May combine two claims.

Cinema attendance was higher among those from lone-parent families or whose mothers have Leaving Certificate qualifications.

“cinema attendance was higher among those from lone-parent families or whose mothers have Leaving Certificate qualifications.”

May combine two claims.

Provision of art or music subjects is most prevalent in fee-paying schools and least prevalent in DEIS schools, with a larger gap between the two school types in relation to music than art.

“The provision of these subjects is most prevalent in fee-paying schools and least prevalent in DEIS schools, with a larger gap between the two school types in relation to music than art.”

May combine two claims.

During the week, those from higher-income families watched less TV while those from lone-parent households or those with a SEN were more likely to watch TV for two or more hours per day.

“During the week, those from higherincome families watched less TV while those from lone-parent households or those with a SEN were more likely to watch TV for two or more hours per day.”

May combine two claims.

Those in their Leaving Certificate year have lower rates of involvement in singing/music, cinema and, particularly, structured cultural activities, suggesting a reduction in out-of-school activities in response to the impending exam.

“Those in their Leaving Certificate year have lower rates of involvement in singing/music, cinema and, particularly, structured cultural activities, suggesting a reduction in out-of-school activities in response to the impending exam.”

May combine two claims.

One-third of the 17-year-olds were in fifth year, just over half were in their Leaving Certificate year, and 17 per cent had already left school.

“one-third were in fifth year, just over half were in their Leaving Certificate year and 17 per cent had already left school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participation in a range of different structured out-of-school activities, including organised sports, art or music classes, and school clubs, is associated with improved cognitive development and higher academic achievement.

“Participation in a range of different structured out-of-school activities, including organised sports, art or music classes, and school clubs, is found to be associated with improved cognitive development and higher academic achievement (Broh, 2002;Covay and Carbonaro, 2010;Fredericks and Eccles, 1996;Hallam, 2010).”

• cites Broh, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Covay and Carbonaro, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fredericks and Eccles, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Several studies focusing on children and young people have adopted a more inclusive definition of cultural activities, encompassing attendance at performances, painting and drawing, watching TV and videos, and listening to all kinds of music.

“In contrast, several studies that focus on children and young people have adopted a more inclusive definition of cultural activities, encompassing not only attendance at performances but painting and drawing, watching TV and videos, and listening to (all kinds of) music (Harland et al., 1995;Robinson, 1999).”

• cites Harland et al., 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Robinson, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Younger people (those aged under 24) have higher rates of going to the cinema and rock/pop concerts than other age groups; rates of active engagement in making music are also somewhat higher among those aged under 34 years of age.

“Younger people (those aged under 24) have higher rates of going to the cinema and rock/pop concerts than other age groups; rates of active engagement in making music are also somewhat higher among those aged under 34 years of age (Lunn and Kelly, 2008;Arts Council, 2018).”

• cites Lunn and Kelly, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Arts Council, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Similar patterns are evident in Ireland, with more highly educated groups attending arts events more frequently.

“Chan and Goldthorpe (2005) used data from England, but similar patterns are evident in Ireland, with more highly educated groups attending arts events more frequently (Lunn and Kelly, 2008;Arts Council, 2018).”

• cites Lunn and Kelly, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Arts Council, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies report improved socio-emotional wellbeing or self-esteem and life satisfaction from arts participation.

“Some studies report improved socio-emotional wellbeing (Mak and Fancourt, 2019a;Metsäpelto and Pulkkinnen, 2012) or self-esteem and life satisfaction (Mak and Fancourt, 2019b;Martin et al., 2013).”

• cites Mak and Fancourt, 2019aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Metsäpelto and Pulkkinnen, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mak and Fancourt, 2019bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Similar relationships between reading, involvement in structured cultural activities and cognitive development have been found among young children and adolescents in Ireland.

“Similar relationships between reading, involvement in structured cultural activities and cognitive development have been found among young children and adolescents in Ireland (Smyth, 2016).”

• cites Smyth, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Differences in cultural participation by social class and parental education have also been documented in the Irish context.

“Differences in cultural participation by social class and parental education have also been documented in the Irish context (Smyth, 2016).”

• cites Smyth, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

DEIS schools appear to have made an active effort to provide their students with access to extracurricular cultural activities and have bridged some of the gap with non-DEIS schools in arts and cultural participation.

“DEIS schools appear to have made an active effort to provide their students with access to extracurricular cultural activities and have bridged some of the gap with non-DEIS schools in arts and cultural participation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Attendance at theatre, drama and visual arts exhibitions is typically found to be higher among those with higher levels of education and income and who are from a higher social class.

“Attendance at theatre, drama and visual arts exhibitions is typically found to be higher among those with higher levels of education and income and who are from a higher social class (see, for example, Chan and Goldthorpe, 2005).”

• cites Chan and Goldthorpe, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital technology has been increasingly recognised as an important aspect of cultural participation.

“From this perspective, digital technology has been increasingly recognised as an important aspect of cultural participation (Marsh et al., 2005;Edwards, 2014).”

• cites Marsh et al., 2005Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Edwards, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Parents reading to their children and older children reading themselves both have long-term benefits for cognitive development.

“A large body of work indicates that parents reading to their children and older children reading themselves both have long-term benefits for cognitive development (see, for example, Kloosterman et al., 2011;Sullivan and Brown, 2013).”

• cites Kloosterman et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sullivan and Brown, 2013Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Small-scale studies in Sweden and the Netherlands show a decline in the time spent reading over the teenage years.

“Small-scale studies in Sweden and the Netherlands show a decline in the time spent reading over the teenage years (Johnsson-Smaragdi and Annelis Jönsson, 2006;van Schooten et al., 2005).”

• cites Johnsson-Smaragdi and Annelis Jönsson, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites van Schooten et al., 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Gender differences are evident among adults, with women more likely to go to plays, opera, ballet and art exhibitions and having somewhat higher levels of active participation (singing, dancing or playing a musical instrument).

“Gender differences are evident among adults, with women more likely to go to plays, opera, ballet and art exhibitions and having somewhat higher levels of active participation (singing, dancing or playing a musical instrument).”

May combine two claims.

The TY programme emerges as a key vehicle in promoting cultural engagement and recognising the value of art and culture among participants.

“The TY programme emerges as a key vehicle in promoting cultural engagement and recognising the value of art and culture among participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Males who take part in organised cultural activities are more likely to be bullied by their peers.

“As a result, males who take part in organised cultural activities are more likely to be bullied by their peers (Lehman and Dumais, 2017).”

• cites Lehman and Dumais, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Given lower levels of participation in TY among more disadvantaged groups, there is potential that take-up will further reinforce social differentiation in engagement.

“However, given lower levels of participation in TY among more disadvantaged groups, there is potential that take-up will further reinforce social differentiation in engagement.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The data for all waves have been re-weighted to ensure that the information is representative of the population of children and young people in Ireland.

“The data for all waves have been re-weighted (statistically adjusted) to ensure that the information is representative of the population of children and young people in Ireland.”

May combine two claims.

In the third wave of Cohort '98, 6,216 young people completed the survey, representing 83 per cent of those who had participated at age 13 and 73 per cent of those who had participated at age nine.

“In this third wave, 6,216 young people completed the survey, representing 83 per cent of those who had participated at age 13 and 73 per cent of those who had participated at age nine.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Much previous research on arts and cultural participation has focused on 'high culture' activities, including theatre, classical music and ballet attendance, going to visual arts exhibitions and reading for pleasure.

“Much previous research on arts and cultural participation has focused on 'high culture' activities, including theatre, classical music and ballet attendance, going to visual arts exhibitions and reading for pleasure (see, for example, Chan and Goldthorpe, 2005;Lunn and Kelly, 2008).”

• cites Chan and Goldthorpe, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lunn and Kelly, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The social and gender gap in cultural participation among adults is at least partly related to differences in engagement in childhood and adolescence.

“The social and gender gap in cultural participation among adults is therefore, at least partly, related to differences in engagement in childhood and adolescence (Christin, 2012;Dumais, 2019).”

• cites Christin, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dumais, 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The evidence on the impact of arts education on non-cognitive skills is mixed.

“The evidence on the impact on non-cognitive skills is more mixed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The pattern established by 17 years of age may set the tone for cultural engagement in adult life.

“The pattern established by 17 years of age may set the tone for cultural engagement in adult life, making interventions to support this age group all the more important.”

May combine two claims.

Involvement in middle childhood and adolescence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for cultural engagement as a young adult.

“It therefore seems that involvement in middle childhood and adolescence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for cultural engagement as a young adult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parents' use of concerted cultivation is more pronounced among daughters than sons.

“There is some evidence that parents' use of concerted cultivation is more pronounced among daughters than sons (Cheadle and Amato, 2010;Warner and Milkie, 2015;Smyth, 2016).”

• cites Cheadle and Amato, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Warner and Milkie, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Smyth, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

DEIS schools actively try to promote cultural activities.

“suggesting that DEIS schools actively try to promote cultural activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the time-use diary, young people recorded the main activity they were engaged in at a particular time, so time spent listening to music while doing another activity will not be recorded.

“It is worth noting that regarding the time-use diary, young people were asked to record the main activity they were engaged in at a particular time, which means that time spent listening to music while doing another activity (e.g.homework/study) will not be recorded.”

May combine two claims.

Young people from more highly educated families play computer games less often because they did not establish this pattern at a younger age.

“Thus, young people from more highly educated families play computer games less often because they did not establish this pattern at a younger age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The time-use diary for nine-year-olds did not distinguish structured cultural activities from other hobbies or pastimes.

“The time-use diary for nine-year-olds did not distinguish structured cultural activities from other hobbies or pastimes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some aspects of cultural participation, such as drawing/painting or going to the theatre, were not covered in the GUI survey at 17 years of age.

“Some aspects of cultural participation, such as drawing/painting or going to the theatre, were not covered in the GUI survey at 17 years of age so cannot be discussed here.”