Multi-agent modeling and simulation in the AI age
Open accessAbstract
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its successful application in various fields, modeling and simulation technology, especially multi-agent modeling and simulation (MAMS), of complex systems has rapidly advanced. In this study, we first describe the concept, technical advantages, research steps, and research status of MAMS. Then we review the development status of the hybrid modeling and simulation combining multi-agent and system dynamics, the modeling and simulation of multi-agent reinforcement learning, and the modeling and simulation of large-scale multi-agent. Lastly, we introduce existing MAMS platforms and their comparative studies. This work summarizes the current research situation of MAMS, thus helping scholars understand the systematic technology development of MAMS in the AI era. It also paves the way for further research on MAMS technology.
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The planning component of AI agents serves as the cognitive foundation, responsible for processing complex information, performing sophisticated reasoning, and making decisions.
“The planning component of AI agents serves as the cognitive foundation, responsible for processing complex information, performing sophisticated reasoning, and making decisions.5”
From A foundational architecture for AI agents in healthcare (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
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Energy-efficient Pump Control in Industrial Cooling Water Systems Using a Multi-Agent System
Borst, F., Theisinger, L., & Weigold, M. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Configurable Intelligent Design Based on Hierarchical Imitation Models
Yavich, R., Malev, S., Volinsky, I., & Rotkin, V. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13137602 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Riedel, O., Kürümlioglu, M., & Schneider, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45370-0_132-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Utilizing Agent-Based Modeling for Optimization of Wayfinding in Hospital: A Case Study
Khasraghi, G. S., & Nejat, A. (2024) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867241248593 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bashabsheh, M. (2024) · International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering · doi:10.14445/23488379/ijeee-v11i5p112 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Improve steganography system using agents software based on statistical and classification technique
Halboos, E. H. J., & Al-Bakry, A. M. (2023) · Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics · doi:10.11591/eei.v12i3.4540 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
МУЛЬТИАГЕНТНІ СИСТЕМИ В УПРАВЛІННІ АКАДЕМІЧНИМИ УСТАНОВАМИ
Гужва, В. М. (2025) · Сталий розвиток економіки · doi:10.32782/2308-1988/2024-51-39 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts and agent-based modelling
Qandeel, M. (2023) · International Review of the Red Cross · doi:10.1017/s1816383123000528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence and EEG during anesthesia: ideal match or fleeting bond?
Introna, M., Karippacheril, J. G., Pilla, S., Trimarchi, D., Gemma, M. F., Martino, D., & Carozzi, C. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence Surgery · doi:10.20517/ais.2025.68 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, K., Wang, X., Li, G., Li, Z., Zhang, N., Liu, M., & Wei, N. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2026.3672621 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
de Carvalho, L. F. B. S., de Souza, V. S., Bonatto, A. N., Perez, T., Barone, D. A. C., Wickboldt, J. A., dos Anjos, J. C. S., Fernandes, R. Q. D. A., & de Freitas, E. P. (2025) · Journal of Simulation · doi:10.1080/17477778.2025.2584542 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multi-Agent AI Simulation for Evaluating Sustainability of Urban Transportation Infrastructure
James, E., & Martinez, S. (2025) · Civil Engineering Science and Technology · doi:10.51903/tx30kz14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modeling and Simulation Challenges for Cyber Physical Systems from Operational Security Perspective
Rahim, K., & Qureshi, H. K. (2021) · International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ICCWS) · doi:10.1109/iccws53234.2021.9703029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Next-Gen Approach to Streamlined Canteen Management Systems using Mesa Framework
Narendran, A., Inuguri, A. H., Manyam, Y., Sundaram, S., & Khanna, M. (2024) · International Conference on Computation System and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS) · doi:10.1109/csitss64042.2024.10816849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Keywords-Driven Paper Recommendation Based on Mobile Edge Computing Environment Framework
Liu, H., Wang, S., Ren, H., Meng, S., Hou, J., & Li, Q. (2022) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2022/3943419
Shen, C., Hao, J., Fang, Z., Guo, Y., Tang, G., Ding, W., & Wang, D. (2024) · doi:10.1145/3686812.3686823
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Luo, X., Xu, G., Saroj, A., Yuan, J., Kadav, P., Shao, Y., & Wang, C. R. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence for Transportation · doi:10.1016/j.ait.2026.100057
Pekiştirmeli Öğrenme Tabanlı Sanal Pilotlar ile Askeri Harekat Analizi ve Görev Mühendisliği
Altun, O., & Fişne, E. (2026) · Journal of Polytechnic · doi:10.2339/politeknik.1770179
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LeakAgent: a multi-agent system for automated water pipe leak detection
Tu, L., Bai, L., Rayhana, R., Ling, J., Liu, Z., & Kong, X. (2026) · Digital Twins, AI, and NDE for Industry Applications and Energy Systems · doi:10.1117/12.3089533
Application for Modeling the Process of Heat Loss Through a Multilayer Building Wall
Bazurin, V. M., Pursky, O. I., Підгорна, Т. В., & Tomashevska, T. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24926-5_27
IPMMO: An Exploratory Benchmark for Information Propagation Optimization
Gu, G., Zuo, W., Zhao, T.-F., Wu, X.-K., & Chen, W. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9877-9_17
Agent-Based Modeling of Household Energy Consumption in the Districts of Ouagadougou
Coulibaly, D., Belem, M., & Ouedraogo, Y. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27563-9_36
System Dynamics Meets Multi-Agent Systems: A Review of Hybrid Simulation Approaches
Samuil, I., Ionica, A. C., & Leba, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-32032-2_22
Review of AI agents in engineering design workflows
McCreery, Z., & Naser, M. Z. (2026) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2026.107305
- Authors
- Fan, W., Chen, P., Shi, D., Guo, X., & Kou, L.
- Affiliations
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Venue
- Tsinghua Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Tsinghua University Press
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 608-624
- ISSN
- 1007-0214 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3159563763
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Tsinghua Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Simulation Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation Systems
- Keywords
- multi-agent systems, hybrid modeling, system dynamics, multi-agent reinforcement learning, large-scale multi-agent systems, complex systems
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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