Cited by 404Medical Imaging Techniques and ApplicationsCardiac Imaging and DiagnosticsRadiation Dose and Imaging

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Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View

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Spencer, Benjamin A., Berg, Eric, Schmall, Jeffrey P., Omidvari, Negar, Leung, Edwin K., Abdelhafez, Yasser G., Tang, Songsong, Deng, Zilin, Dong, Yun, Lv, Yang, Bao, Jun, Liu, Weiping, Li, Hongdi, Jones, Terry, Badawi, Ramsey D., Cherry, Simon R.·2021·Journal of Nuclear Medicine

DOI 10.2967/jnumed.120.250597PMC PMC8729871

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Abstract

The world’s first total-body PET scanner with an axial field of view (AFOV) of 194 cm is now in clinical and research use at our institution. The uEXPLORER PET/CT system is the first commercially available total-body PET scanner. Here we present a detailed physical characterization of this scanner based on National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2-2018 along with a new set of measurements devised to appropriately characterize the total-body AFOV. Methods: Sensitivity, count-rate performance, time-of-flight resolution, spatial resolution, and image quality were evaluated following the NEMA NU 2-2018 protocol. Additional measurements of sensitivity and count-rate capabilities more representative of total-body imaging were performed using extended-geometry phantoms based on the world-average human height (∼165 cm). Lastly, image quality throughout the long AFOV was assessed with the NEMA image quality (IQ) phantom imaged at 5 axial positions and over a range of expected total-body PET imaging conditions (low dose, delayed imaging, short scan duration). Results: Our performance evaluation demonstrated that the scanner provides a very high sensitivity of 174 kcps/MBq, a count-rate performance with a peak noise-equivalent count rate of approximately 2 Mcps for total-body imaging, and good spatial resolution capabilities for human imaging (≤3.0 mm in full width at half maximum near the center of the AFOV). Excellent IQ, excellent contrast recovery, and low noise properties were illustrated across the AFOV in both NEMA IQ phantom evaluations and human imaging examples. Conclusion: In addition to standard NEMA NU 2-2018 characterization, a new set of measurements based on extending NEMA NU 2-2018 phantoms and experiments was devised to characterize the physical performance of the first total-body PET system. The rationale for these extended measurements was evident from differences in sensitivity, count-rate–activity relationships, and noise-equivalent count-rate limits imposed by differences in dead time and randoms fraction between the NEMA NU 2 70-cm phantoms and the more representative total-body imaging phantoms. Overall, the uEXPLORER PET system provides ultra-high sensitivity that supports excellent spatial resolution and IQ throughout the field of view in both phantom and human imaging.

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Additional file 1 of Optimizing acquisition times for total-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography with half-dose 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in oncology patients
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Additional file 2 of Optimizing acquisition times for total-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography with half-dose 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in oncology patients
He, Y., Gu, Y., Yu, H., Wu, B., Wang, S., Tan, H., Cao, Y., Chen, S., Sui, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20277927
Additional file 1 of Non-invasive quantification of 18F-florbetaben with total-body EXPLORER PET
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Additional file 1 of Characterization of the partial volume effect along the axial field-of-view of the Biograph Vision Quadra total-body PET/CT system for multiple isotopes
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Additional file 1 of A proper protocol for routine 18F-FDG uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scans
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Additional file 2 of Characterization of the partial volume effect along the axial field-of-view of the Biograph Vision Quadra total-body PET/CT system for multiple isotopes
Mannheim, J. G., Rausch, I., Conti, M., la Fougère, C. J., & Schmidt, F. P. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23250702
Additional file 2 of Non-invasive quantification of 18F-florbetaben with total-body EXPLORER PET
Holy, E. N., Li, E. J., Bhattarai, A., Fletcher, E., Alfaro, E. R., Harvey, D. J., Spencer, B. A., Cherry, S. R., DeCarli, C. S., & Fan, A. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26707784
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Long Axial Field of View PET
Farhadi, F., Veziroglu, E. M., Rajagopal, J. R., Hoyek, N. E., & Siegel, E. L. (2026) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2026.08.010

Authors: Spencer, B. A., Berg, E., Schmall, J. P., Omidvari, N., Leung, E. K., Abdelhafez, Y. G., Tang, S., Deng, Z., Dong, Y., Lv, Y., Bao, J., Liu, W., Li, H., Jones, T., Badawi, R. D., & Cherry, S. R.
Affiliations: University of California, Davis (US)
United Imaging Healthcare (China) (CN)
ORCID: Spencer, Benjamin A.
Berg, Eric
Omidvari, Negar
Leung, Edwin K.
Abdelhafez, Yasser G.
Tang, Songsong
Deng, Zilin
Dong, Yun
Lv, Yang
Bao, Jun
Liu, Weiping
Jones, Terry
Badawi, Ramsey D.
Cherry, Simon R.
Venue: Journal of Nuclear Medicine
Publisher: Society of Nuclear Medicine
Published: 2020-10-02
Volume: 62
Issue: 6
Pages: 861-870
ISSN: 0161-5505 (ISSN-L)
2159-662X
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250597
PMC: PMC8729871
OpenAlex: W3090317854
Cited by: 403
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 21.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Nuclear Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA249422, R01CA206187, P30CA093373)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiation Dose and Imaging
Keywords: total-body PET/CT, axial field of view, scanner performance evaluation, count rate performance, noise equivalent count rate, dead time, spatial resolution, image quality, time-of-flight resolution
MeSH terms: Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Humans, Quality Control, Time Factors, Phantoms, Imaging, Whole Body Imaging, Limit of Detection

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Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View

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