The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Performance Evaluation of the uEXPLORER Total-Body PET/CT Scanner Based on NEMA NU 2-2018 with Additional Tests to Characterize PET Scanners with a Long Axial Field of View
Open accessAbstract
The world’s first total-body PET scanner with an axial field of view (AFOV) of 194 cm is now in clinical and research use at our institution. The uEXPLORER PET/CT system is the first commercially available total-body PET scanner. Here we present a detailed physical characterization of this scanner based on National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2-2018 along with a new set of measurements devised to appropriately characterize the total-body AFOV. Methods: Sensitivity, count-rate performance, time-of-flight resolution, spatial resolution, and image quality were evaluated following the NEMA NU 2-2018 protocol. Additional measurements of sensitivity and count-rate capabilities more representative of total-body imaging were performed using extended-geometry phantoms based on the world-average human height (∼165 cm). Lastly, image quality throughout the long AFOV was assessed with the NEMA image quality (IQ) phantom imaged at 5 axial positions and over a range of expected total-body PET imaging conditions (low dose, delayed imaging, short scan duration). Results: Our performance evaluation demonstrated that the scanner provides a very high sensitivity of 174 kcps/MBq, a count-rate performance with a peak noise-equivalent count rate of approximately 2 Mcps for total-body imaging, and good spatial resolution capabilities for human imaging (≤3.0 mm in full width at half maximum near the center of the AFOV). Excellent IQ, excellent contrast recovery, and low noise properties were illustrated across the AFOV in both NEMA IQ phantom evaluations and human imaging examples. Conclusion: In addition to standard NEMA NU 2-2018 characterization, a new set of measurements based on extending NEMA NU 2-2018 phantoms and experiments was devised to characterize the physical performance of the first total-body PET system. The rationale for these extended measurements was evident from differences in sensitivity, count-rate–activity relationships, and noise-equivalent count-rate limits imposed by differences in dead time and randoms fraction between the NEMA NU 2 70-cm phantoms and the more representative total-body imaging phantoms. Overall, the uEXPLORER PET system provides ultra-high sensitivity that supports excellent spatial resolution and IQ throughout the field of view in both phantom and human imaging.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This becomes especially evident with recent PET systems with extra-large axial FOV of >25 cm and their potential to substantially reduce required acquisition times [47,149,150].”
From Influences on PET Quantification and Interpretation (2022) · cites this paper as [150]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A century of trends in adult human height
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.13410 · Cited by 1,558
Performance Measurements of the Siemens mMR Integrated Whole-Body PET/MR Scanner
Delso, G., Fürst, S., Jakoby, B., Ladebeck, R., Ganter, C., Nekolla, S. G., Schwaiger, M., & Ziegler, S. I. (2011) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.092726 · Cited by 870
Cherry, S. R., Jones, T., Karp, J. S., Qi, J., Moses, W. W., & Badawi, R. D. (2018) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.184028 · Cited by 763
Self-citationExact and approximate rebinning algorithms for 3-D PET data
Defrise, M., Kinahan, P. E., Townsend, D. W., Michel, C. J., Sibomana, M., & Newport, D. F. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.563660 · Cited by 757
First Human Imaging Studies with the EXPLORER Total-Body PET Scanner*
Badawi, R. D., Shi, H., Hu, P., Chen, S., Xu, T., Price, P., Ding, Y., Spencer, B. A., Nardo, L., Liu, W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.226498 · Cited by 725
Self-citationPhysical and clinical performance of the mCT time-of-flight PET/CT scanner
Jakoby, B., Bercier, Y., Conti, M., Casey, M. E., Bendriem, B., & Townsend, D. W. (2011) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/8/004 · Cited by 487
Performance Characteristics of the Digital Biograph Vision PET/CT System
van Sluis, J., de Jong, J., Schaar, J., Noordzij, W., van Snick, P., Dierckx, R., Borra, R., Willemsen, A., & Boellaard, R. (2019) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.215418 · Cited by 484
Physical Performance of the new hybrid PET/CT Discovery-690
Bettinardi, V., Presotto, L., Rapisarda, E., Picchio, M., Gianolli, L., & Gilardi, M. C. (2011) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.3635220 · Cited by 377
Total-body imaging: Transforming the role of positron emission tomography
Cherry, S. R., Badawi, R. D., Karp, J. S., Moses, W. W., Price, P., & Jones, T. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6169 · Cited by 251
Self-citationGrant, A. M., Deller, T. W., Khalighi, M. M., Maramraju, S. H., Delso, G., & Levin, C. S. (2016) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.4945416 · Cited by 246
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Poon JK . The Performance Limits of Long Axial Field of View PET Scanners. Thesis. University of California, Davis; 2013.
- Tang S Zhao Y Wang J Liu Y Dong Y . Geometric correction in normalization for long axial field-of-view, whole-body PET scanner. Poster presented at: the 2019 Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS) and Medical Imaging Conference (MIC), and the International Symposium on Room Temperature Semiconductor Detectors (RTSD); October 26 to November 2, 2019; Manchester, U.K.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–404 of 404
Yamazaki, M., & Sato, M. (2026) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-026-00941-w
Alberts, I., Ravi, P., Pereira, S., Assenza, M., Mei, R., Colpo, N., Williams, C., Chicklore, S., Fanti, S., Bénard, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.126.272973
Scipioni, M., Byars, L. G., Allen, M. S., Corbeil, J. L., Mareyam, A., Galve, P., Puryear, M., Moos, A., Schmidt, F., Kazemivalipour, E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.125.271971
Principe et technique de la tomographie par émission de positons couplée à la tomodensitométrie
Soret, M., & Maisonobe, J.-A. (2026) · EMC - Radiologie et imagerie médicale - Principes et techniques - Radioprotection · doi:10.1016/s1879-8497(25)49588-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Spencer, B. A., Berg, E., Schmall, J. P., Omidvari, N., Leung, E. K., Abdelhafez, Y. G., Tang, S., Deng, Z., Dong, Y., Lv, Y., Bao, J., Liu, W., Li, H., Jones, T., Badawi, R. D., & Cherry, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- United Imaging Healthcare (China) (CN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine
- Publisher
- Society of Nuclear Medicine
- Published
- 2020-10-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 861-870
- ISSN
- 0161-5505 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-662X
- PMC
- PMC8729871
- OpenAlex
- W3090317854
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 21.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA249422, R01CA206187, P30CA093373)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiation Dose and Imaging
- Keywords
- total-body PET/CT, axial field of view, scanner performance evaluation, count rate performance, noise equivalent count rate, dead time, spatial resolution, image quality, time-of-flight resolution
- MeSH terms
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Humans, Quality Control, Time Factors, Phantoms, Imaging, Whole Body Imaging, Limit of Detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
