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Cited by 3Migration, Health and TraumaGender, Health, and Social InequalityRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Indo-Caribbean Women from Trinidad and Guyana: Hardships, Conflict, and Resiliency

Despot, Odessa D.·2016·Meridians
DOI 10.2979/meridians.13.2.02
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Abstract

Abstract This study contributes to the literature on Asian Indian women who have emigrated from Trinidad and Guyana (Indo-Caribbeans) and who are now residing in the US. Using a qualitative design comprised of four ninety-minute interviews, I explored the experiences of immigration, ways of coping, and feelings regarding empowerment for a group of seven women between the ages of forty and forty-nine. Findings were similar to previous research on Asian Indian women and revealed negative experiences with gender inequality, domestic violence, spousal alcohol abuse, and increased role strain following immigration. The women reported that their relationships with other women were helpful and psychologically supportive and enabled them to cope with various hardships. These findings contrast with research findings that have described women's relationships as primarily competitive and undermining of one another. The findings further suggest that clinicians working with Indo-Caribbean women should explore stresses of immigration, cultural differences between the women's country of origin and the host country, and identifying ways of coping.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This qualitative study explores immigration experiences, coping, and empowerment among seven Indo-Caribbean women (ages 40–49) from Trinidad and Guyana now living in the US, using four 90-minute focus groups analyzed via grounded theory. It finds gender inequality, domestic violence, spousal alcohol abuse, and post-immigration role strain, but also that women's friendships were a key source of psychological support and resilience—contrasting with research portraying women's relationships as competitive.

Key findings

  • Participants reported negative experiences with gender inequality, domestic violence, spousal alcohol abuse, and increased role strain following immigration, echoing prior research on Asian Indian women.
  • Women described relationships with other women as helpful and psychologically supportive, enabling coping with hardships—contrasting with literature describing women's relationships as primarily competitive and undermining.
  • All participants were employed in the service industry as nannies/housekeepers/aides; employment was reframed positively, with women reporting that earning money gave them a sense of value and independence ("when you're working and making your own money you don't have to depend on anyone").
  • Empowerment was uneven: women without children endorsed assertiveness ("you don't like it—you speak up"), while married mothers reported being socialized to please others and feeling too economically insecure to confront employers.
  • The study recommends clinicians explore immigration stresses, cultural differences between origin and host country, and coping strategies with Indo-Caribbean women.

Methods

  • Qualitative exploratory design: four 90-minute focus group sessions held over three months with seven women aged 40–49 who self-identified as Trinidadian or Guyanese of Asian Indian descent; all were Hindu and fluent English speakers. Five were born in Trinidad and two in Guyana; five were housewives or not working at the time of immigration, one was a secretary, and one worked in a family business.
  • Recruitment used snowball sampling via a letter sent to a single point person who distributed it among friendship circles; nine women expressed interest and seven committed and were selected.
  • Data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using grounded theory with Auerbach and Silverstein's three-level coding model (Repeating Ideas, Themes, Theoretical Constructs); the author, a research supervisor, and two doctoral-level students acted as coders.

Limitations

  • Stated: snowball sampling from a small, convenient sample limits generalizability; some women knew each other prior to the study, which may have either allowed more intimate sharing or inhibited openness.
  • Stated: the study did not explicitly examine acculturation/assimilation levels, childrearing patterns, intergenerational conflicts, identity transformation, or men's employability and education.
  • Stated: the short time the group was together may not have allowed enough cohesion for the women to pursue a plan of action; longer-lived groups may lead to more activist efforts.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2979/meridians.13.2.02

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 26 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    Research on Indo-Caribbean immigrants is severely limited.

    “Research on such immigrants is severely limited.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dasgupta 1998 source
    • cites Inman et al. 2001 source
    • cites Masood, Okazaki, and Takeuchi 2009 source

      The Abstract (page unavailable) says very little is known about the psychological adjustment of South Asian immigrants and their U.S.-born children. It does not identify Indo-Caribbean immigrants or establish that research on them generally is severely limited; the supported point concerns a different population and a narrower research topic. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    The participants' reasons for migration were varied.

    “Reasons for migration were varied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    The study's findings revealed increased role strain following immigration among the seven Indo-Caribbean women.

    “Findings were similar to previous research on Asian Indian women and revealed negative experiences with gender inequality, domestic violence, spousal alcohol abuse, and increased role strain following immigration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    The women reported that men also had difficulties finding a job commensurate with their education.

    “The women reported that men also had difficulties finding a job commensurate with their education:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    The women used words like 'survivor' to speak about themselves.

    “Women used words like”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27
  • May combine two claims. 24
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2 MERIDIANS 13:2

    The presence of multiple stressors has been associated with adverse health risks and other negative effects for immigrants.

    “The presence of multiple stressors has been associated with adverse health risks and other negative effects for this group of people (Choudhry 2001; Yakhnich 2008; Masood, Okazaki, and Takeuchi 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Choudhry 2001 source
    • cites Yakhnich 2008 source
    • cites Masood, Okazaki, and Takeuchi 2009 source

      The Results (Predictors of Distress; page not provided) associate several stress-related factors, including financial strain and family cultural conflict, with higher psychological distress among South Asian American men. The paper does not establish adverse health risks or other negative effects beyond psychological distress, and its findings should not be generalized to immigrants as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    Rhea Almeida's Cultural Context Model (CCM) has been used to teach men to recognize that misogyny and sexism negatively influence men's as well as women's lives.

    “Rhea Almeida's Cultural Context Model (CCM) has been used to teach men to recognize that misogyny and sexism negatively influence men's as well as women's lives (Almeida 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Almeida 1999 source

      The Cultural Context Model and Phase I Accountability sections describe consciousness-raising about gendered power and teaching clients to examine domination and subordination. The paper also calls traditional definitions of masculinity destructive, but it does not say that the model teaches men to recognize that misogyny and sexism harm men's lives as well as women's. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    The impact of racial differences on the participants was not clearly articulated.

    “The impact of racial differences was not clearly articulated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Many of the women believed that America offered choices and a chance to be outspoken.

    “Many of the women believed that America offered”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Many women agreed that they were pressured into marriage or knew someone who had been.

    “Many women agreed that they were pressured into marriage or knew someone who had been.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Immigration resulted in secondary problems for the women, such as transformation of gender roles and increased role strain.

    “This also resulted in secondary problems, such as transformation of gender roles and increased role strain:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    The women believed that they had been raised in a tradition where women spent time with one another and talked to each other.

    “the women believed that they had been raised in a tradition where women spent time with one another and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Participants reported that they had to work even when sick and to obey their employers for long hours of the day.

    “Participants noted that they had to work”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Participants described their move to the US as culturally jarring and talked about the loss of a collectivist upbringing and traditional social supports.

    “Participants described their move to the US as culturally jarring and talked about the loss of a collectivist upbringing and traditional social supports (It's different):”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Some of the women migrated because they desired kinship connections and better opportunities.

    “Still others desired kinship connections and better opportunities:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Having a job afforded the women the opportunity to reject dependence on others and provide for their families.

    “Having a job afforded women the opportunity to reject dependence on others and provide for their families.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    All participants agreed that the focus group was an enjoyable and useful experience.

    “all participants agreed that the focus group was an enjoyable and useful experience (Using women's groups).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion

    The women in this study valued relationships with other women and often sought out women for advice, help, and support.

    “The women in this study valued relationships with other women and often sought out women for advice, help, and support.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion

    In Trinidad, women were described as sharing information (considered 'gossiping' by men) and participating in conversations that helped women deal with the pressure to get married and become aware of men's infidelities and bad behavior.

    “In Trinidad, women were described as sharing information (considered”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Discussion

    Others considered jealousy between women a 'human' experience.

    “Others considered jealousy between women a”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    One divorced mother reported that she had once felt similarly to the married mothers but had eventually become more assertive.

    “One divorced mother added that she had once felt similarly to the married mothers, but had eventually become more assertive:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion

    When the participants in this study moved to the US, they relied on other women to help them find employment and provide moral support.

    “when the participants in this study moved to the US, they relied on other women to help them find employment and provide moral support.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Discussion

    The women in this study talked about familial piety and the patriarchal organization of Indian life, including restricted gender roles and instances of abuse.

    “The women in this study talked about familial piety and the patriarchal organization of Indian life, including restricted gender roles and instances of abuse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § RESULTS

    Some women, typically those who did not have children, stood by statements about speaking up when someone does something you do not like.

    “Some women, typically women who did not have children, stood by statements such as:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Introduction

    These cultural values have been associated with high incidents of sexual abuse, intimate-partner violence, and mental illness for this group of women.

    “Unfortunately, these cultural values have been associated with high incidents of sexual abuse, intimate-partner violence, and mental illness for this group of women (Agnew 1998; Abraham 1999; Reavey, Ahmed, and Majumdar 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Agnew 1998 source
    • cites Abraham 1999 source
    • cites Reavey, Ahmed, and Majumdar 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2 MERIDIANS 13:2

    Child marriage, domestic violence, and murder of women were common in colonial Trinidad and Guyana.

    “Child marriage, domestic violence, and murder of women were also common (Naidu 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Naidu 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2 MERIDIANS 13:2

    Social networks and religion were identified as ways of coping with stress and loneliness.

    “Social networks and religion were also identified as ways of coping with stress and loneliness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rokach 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2 MERIDIANS 13:2

    Indo-Caribbean men in Rokach's study dealt with stressful situations, daily challenges, and feelings of loneliness by increasing their activity and work.

    “In contrast, the Indo-Caribbean men in Rokach's study dealt with stressful situations, daily challenges, and feelings of loneliness by increasing their activity and work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rokach 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 2 MERIDIANS 13:2

    Rokach found that Indo-Caribbean women from Trinidad and Guyana gravitated toward the concept of self-development and understanding.

    “Using an i8-item loneliness questionnaire, Rokach found that Indo-Caribbean women from Trinidad and Guyana gravitated toward the concept of self-development and understanding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rokach 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 6 MERIDIANS 13:2

    The research supervisor, two other doctoral-level students familiar with the method, and the author acted as coders.

    “The research supervisor, two other doctoral-level students familiar with the method, and I acted as coders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    This finding mirrors earlier research on the history of the suppression of women's friendships and current perceptions of women's friendships as competitive and unsupportive.

    “This finding mirrors earlier research on the history of the suppression of women's friendships and current perceptions of women's friendships as competitive and unsupportive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    It is possible that the short time the group was together did not allow enough cohesion to emerge.

    “It is possible that the short time that the group was together did not allow enough cohesion to emerge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Discussion

    The study utilizes the grounded theory approach, which allows for the identification of emerging themes and the potential to generate theory consistent with the experiences of the sample.

    “the study utilizes the grounded theory approach, which allows for the identification of emerging themes and the potential to generate theory that is consistent with the experiences of the sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § Discussion

    Existing research has shown that women of Asian Indian descent are at increased risk for pervasive somatic anxiety, suicide/self-harm, and trauma resulting from sexual/physical abuse.

    “existing research has shown that women of Asian Indian descent are at increased risk for pervasive somatic anxiety, suicide/self-harm, and trauma resulting from sexual/physical abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    Participants' positive statements about their involvement in the research group had the potential to lead the group to take action.

    “Participants' positive statements about their involvement in the research group had the potential to lead the group to take action.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    Participants' experiences following immigration to the US aligned with previous studies on immigration.

    “Participants' experiences following immigration to the US aligned with previous studies on immigration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Discussion

    Differences in gender roles and expectations may limit men's involvement in treatment.

    “differences in gender roles and expectations may limit men's involvement in treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Discussion

    Some women knew each other prior to the study, which may have allowed them to share more intimate thoughts and feelings, or conversely may have inhibited their openness.

    “some women knew each other prior to the study; this may have allowed them to share more intimate thoughts and feelings. Conversely, these relationships may have inhibited their openness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    The culture and upbringing of this group of women may challenge traditional notions of defenses and resistance, the clinician's expectations for family therapy, and the nature of long-term treatment.

    “the culture and upbringing of this group of women may challenge traditional notions of defenses and resistance, the clinician's expec- tations for family therapy, and the nature of long-term treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    Women continue to be affected by poverty, earn less money than men, and experience numerous stressors associated with physical violence and role strain.

    “women continue to be affected by poverty, earn less money than men, and experience numerous stressors asso- ciated with physical violence and role strain (APA 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites APA 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    The women's reporting of the prevalence of alcohol abuse suggests that men may also be suffering bi-gender role strain.

    “the women's reporting of the prevalence of alcohol abuse seems to suggest that men may also be suffering bi-gender role strain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    This experience likely strengthened the women's bonds with one another and validated their individual experiences so that they felt acknowledged and no longer isolated.

    “This experience likely strengthened the women's bonds with one an- other and validated their individual experiences in such a way that they felt acknowledged and no longer isolated in their lived experiences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    Same-sex friendships have been 'erased' or 'lost' and the devaluation of women's friendships serves a patriarchal agenda.

    “same- sex friendships have been”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Knickermeyer, Sexton, and Nishimura 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § Discussion

    These findings support research that understands women's experiences in the context of patriarchy and treats aggression and conflict among women as natural and normal instead of 'in crisis'.

    “These findings support research that understands women's experiences in the context of patriarchy, and treats aggression and conflict among women as natural and normal instead of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hadley 2003 source
    • cites Ringrose 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    These barriers may negatively affect the potential for long-term treatment.

    “These barriers may also negatively affect the potential for long-term treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Discussion

    The study utilized snowball sampling, beginning with a small, convenient sample.

    “This study utilized snowball sampling, beginning with a small, convenient sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    Irvin Yalom and Molyn Leszcz have written extensively on the curative factors of group therapy and therapeutic principles such as universality, altruism, and the instillation of hope.

    “Irvin Yalom and Molyn Leszcz, for example, have written extensively on the curative factors of group therapy and thera- peutic principles such as universality, altruism, and the instillation of hope (Yalom and Leszcz 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yalom and Leszcz 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    Building on the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire, Feminist Participatory Action Research (FPAR) offers participants opportunities to examine power structures and develop an action plan to bring about change in their lives and communities.

    “Building on the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire (Ponic, Reid, and Frisby 2010), FPAR offers par- ticipants opportunities to examine power structures and develop an action plan to bring about change in their lives and communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ponic, Reid, and Frisby 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Discussion

    The Indo-Caribbean women in this study faced social and economic challenges similar to those of other women across the US.

    “The Indo-Caribbean women in this study also faced social and economic challenges similar to those of other women across the US.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
44 of 44

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical oppression of women in Trinidad and Guyana has not been properly identified and addressed in the literature.

    “Unfortunately, the historical oppression of women in this part of the world has not been properly identified and addressed in the literature.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indo-Caribbean women in the US are marginalized and understudied in the social-science literature.

    “This is a population that has been marginalized and understudied in the social-science literature.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about the immigration and educational experiences of the Indo-Caribbean community from Trinidad and Guyana.

    “Little is known about the immigration and educational experiences of the Indo-Caribbean community from Trinidad and Guyana.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The literature on Indo-Caribbean women from Trinidad and Guyana is sparse, and this group is sorely understudied.

    “The literature on Indo-Caribbean women from Trinidad and Guyana is sparse.”
    “This is a group that is sorely understudied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical trends related to colonization, imperialism, and immigration have shaped the life experiences of Indo-Caribbean women from Trinidad and Guyana.

    “Historical trends related to colonization, imperialism, and immigration have also shaped the life experiences of this group of women.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Girls' and women's relationships are typically portrayed negatively in the culture.

    “We live in a culture where girls' and women's relationships are typically portrayed negatively.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Repeating Idea 15 is assigned to two different ideas

    Minor

    Table 2 labels both the American lifestyle and the importance of friendships as "RI 15," making that identifier ambiguous.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Domestic Violence." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 25, no. 3: 313-24. doi:Io.11r1/j.1752-0606.1999•tboo25o.x (accessed January 7, 2016). American Psychological Association (APA) 2007. "Guidelines for Psychological
  2. Naidu, J. 2009. "Indian Women of Guyana: Reflections of Their Existence, Survival and Representation. The Guyana Journal 14, no. 6. http://www.guyanajournal .com/women_gy.html (accessed January 7, 2016).

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Authors
Despot, O. D.
Corresponding author
Despot, Odessa D.
Venue
Meridians
Publisher
Duke University Press
Published
2016-03-01
Volume
13
Issue
2
Pages
1-27
ISSN
  • 1536-6936 (ISSN-L)
  • 1547-8424
DOI
10.2979/meridians.13.2.02
OpenAlex
W2490075136
Semantic Scholar
89cd60c14dcbe28b9ad2436984c7c85a394df5f5
Cited by
3
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
0.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Meridians (publishedVersion)
  • Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
Asian Indian women, immigrant experience, gender inequality, domestic violence, role strain, coping strategies, women's relationships, resilience, empowerment, cultural differences

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