Investigating Medical Cost and Mortality Among Psychiatric Patients Involuntary Admissions: A Nationwide Propensity Score-Matched Study
Open accessAbstract
Objective Involuntary admission to psychiatric inpatient care can protect both patients with severe mental illnesses and individuals around them. This study analyzed annual healthcare costs per person for involuntary psychiatric admission and examined categories of mental disorders and other factors associated with mortality.Methods This retrospective cohort study collected 1 million randomly sampled beneficiaries from the National Health Insurance Database for 2002–2013. It identified and matched 181 patients with involuntary psychiatric admissions (research group) with 724 patients with voluntary psychiatric admissions (control group) through 1:4 propensity-score matching for sex, age, comorbidities, mental disorder category, and index year of diagnosis.Results Mean life expectancy of patients with involuntary psychiatric admissions was 33.13 years less than the general population. Average annual healthcare costs per person for involuntary psychiatric admissions were 3.94 times higher compared with voluntary admissions. The general linear model demonstrated that average annual medical costs per person per compulsory hospitalization were 5.8 times that of voluntary hospitalization. Survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model found no significant association between type of psychiatric admission (involuntary or voluntary) and death.Conclusion This study revealed no significant difference in mortality between involuntary and voluntary psychiatric admissions, indicating involuntary treatment’s effectiveness.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One meta-analysis of inpatient suicide reported an 87% increased risk of suicide among people admitted involuntarily.
“This is in line with one meta-analysis of inpatient suicide, which reported an 87% increased risk of suicide among people admitted involuntarily (127).”
From The benefits and harms of inpatient involuntary psychiatric treatment: a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [127]
The Methods (Research design; page unavailable) describe a propensity score-matched study, not a meta-analysis. The Introduction mentions suicide during hospitalization, but neither it nor the Results reports an 87% increase in suicide risk for involuntarily admitted patients. Searches for the percentage and for a meta-analysis of inpatient suicide found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases
DEYO, R. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90133-8 · Cited by 10,452 · see citing works
Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502 · Cited by 2,976 · see citing works
Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.
Laursen, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Lawrence, D., Hancock, K. J., & Kisely, S. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2539 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness
Lawrence, D., Kisely, S., & Pais, J. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005501202 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Chang, C.-K., Hayes, R. D., Broadbent, M., Fernandes, A. C., Lee, W., Hotopf, M., & Stewart, R. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-77 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression
Laursen, T. M., Musliner, K. L., Benros, M. E., Vestergaard, M., & Munk‐Olsen, T. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.067 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Common and Costly Hospitalizations for Pediatric Mental Health Disorders
Bardach, N. S., Coker, T. R., Zima, B. T., Murphy, J. M., Knapp, P., Richardson, L. P., Edwall, G., & Mangione-Smith, R. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3165 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Excess mortality in severe mental illness: 10-year population-based cohort study in rural Ethiopia
Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., Kebede, D., Alem, A., Cleare, A. J., Prince, M., Hanlon, C., & Shibre, T. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.149112 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Fu, T. S.-T., Lee, C.-S., Gunnell, D., Lee, W.-C., & Cheng, A. T.-A. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61264-1 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Schaffer, A., Sinyor, M., Kurdyak, P., Vigod, S., Sareen, J., Reis, C., Green, D., Bolton, J., Rhodes, A., Grigoriadis, S., et al. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20321 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Molyneaux, E., Turner, A., Candy, B., Landau, S., Johnson, S., & Lloyd-Evans, B. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.28 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Egede, L. E., Walker, R. J., Bishu, K., & Dismuke, C. E. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3650-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Shirneshan, E., Bailey, J., Relyea, G. E., Franklin, B. E., Solomon, D. K., & Brown, L. M. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kurdyak, P. A., Gnam, W., Goering, P. N., Chong, A. S., & Alter, D. A. (2008) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-200 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gissler, M., Laursen, T. M., Ösby, U., Nordentoft, M., & Wahlbeck, K. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-834 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pompili, M., Mancinelli, I., Ruberto, A., Kotzalidis, G. D., Girardi, P., & Tatarelli, R. (2005) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/9ca1-el73-1vxd-9f2v · Cited by 51 · see citing works
for the HELPS Network, Park, A., McDaid, D., Weiser, P., von Gottberg, C., Becker, T. M., & Kilian, R. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-787 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cadilhac, D. A.-M., Magnus, A., Sheppard, L., Cumming, T. B., Pearce, D. C., & Carter, R. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-483 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Zhao, L., Zhang, W., Li, H., Gao, J., Han, L., Zheng, W., Shu, X., & Xiang, Y. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05079-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Krauth, C., Stahmeyer, J. T., Petersen, J. J., Freytag, A., Gerlach, F. M., & Gensichen, J. S. (2014) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/730891 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Determinants of per diem Hospital Costs in Mental Health
Wolff, J., McCrone, P., Patel, A. K., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152669 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Meyfroidt, N., Wyckaert, S., Bouckaert, F., Wampers, M., Mazereel, V., & Bruffaerts, R. (2019) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.12.004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, J., Chang, C., Lee, M.-C., & Li, Y. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05089-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationde Jong, M. H., Wierdsma, A. I., van Baars, A. W. B., Gool, A. R. V., & Mulder, C. L. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Poor compliance with lifestyle modifications and related factors in hypertension
Ogbemudia, E. J., & Odiase, F. E. (2021) · Highland Medical Research Journal · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Activities of daily living in hospitalized patients with mental disorders
Wang, Z., Lin, C., Ma, B., & Bian, Y. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [23]Lee MC Investigating the mortality and health care costs for patients with mental disorders in Taiwan [Master’s Thesis] Taichung China Medical University 2017
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The benefits and harms of inpatient involuntary psychiatric treatment: a scoping review
Corderoy, A., Kisely, S., Zirnsak, T., & Ryan, C. J. (2025) · Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2024.2346734 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“This is in line with one meta-analysis of inpatient suicide, which reported an 87% increased risk of suicide among people admitted involuntarily (127).”
- Authors
- Tseng, P.-Y., Xie, X.-Y., Hsu, C.-C., Chien, S. H.-L., Chen, J.-D., & Wang, J.-Y.
- Affiliations
- China Medical University (TW)
- Kuang Tien General Hospital (TW)
- National Changhua University of Education (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jong-Yi
- Venue
- Psychiatry Investigation
- Publisher
- Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
- Published
- 2022-07-25
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 527-537
- ISSN
- 1738-3684 (ISSN-L)
- 1976-3026
- PMC
- PMC9334811
- OpenAlex
- W4286485307
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Investigation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST109-2410-H-039-001, MOST110-2410-H-039-001)
- China Medical University (CMU108-MF-103, CMU109-MF-119, CMU110-MF-123)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- involuntary psychiatric admission, health care costs, mortality, severe mental illness, compulsory hospitalization, mental illness, life expectancy, psychiatric inpatient care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
