The Effects of Adolescent Health-Related Behavior on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review of the Longitudinal Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Schools are increasingly involved in efforts to promote health and healthy behavior among their adolescent students, but are healthier students better learners? This synthesis of the empirical, longitudinal literature investigated the effects of the most predominant health-related behaviors—namely, alcohol and marijuana use, smoking, nutrition, physical activity, sexual intercourse, bullying, and screen time use (television, Internet, video games)—on the academic performance of adolescents. Thirty studies dating back to 1992 were retrieved from the medical, psychological, educational, and social science literature. Healthy nutrition and team sports participation were found to have a positive effect on academic performance, whereas the effects of alcohol use, smoking, early sexual intercourse, bullying, and certain screen time behaviors were overall negative. Generally, all relations of health-related behaviors and academic performance were dependent on contextual factors and were often mediated by psychosocial problems, social structures, and demographics. Findings were interpreted with use of sociological theories.
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Participation in extracurricular physical activities is associated with higher grade point averages, lower dropout rates, and fewer disciplinary problems.
“participation in extracurricular physical activities has been associated with higher grade point averages (GPAs), lower dropout rates, and fewer disciplinary problems.14,19,23,28,33,36”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Breakfast consumption has small, positive associations with different academic outcomes including cognitive performance and attendance.
“These reviews generally found small, positive associations between breakfast consumption and different academic outcomes including cognitive performance and attendance.”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Skipping breakfast is associated with decreased cognitive performance among students.
“skipping breakfast has been associated with decreased cognitive performance among students.14,40”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Early intercourse initiation is associated with lower school grades.
“studies have shown an association between early intercourse initiation and lower school grades.9,14”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
There is a consistent inverse association between sexual risk behaviors and academic achievement.
“There is also a consistent inverse association between sexual risk behaviors and academic achievement.”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Smoking has a negative effect on grades.
“smoking has a negative effect on grades.9,14,32”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Drug use is associated with lower educational attainment.
“Longitudinal studies have demonstrated the association between drug use and lower educational attainment.9,14,32”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Busch, V., Loyen, A., Lodder, M., Schrijvers, A. J. P., van Yperen, T. A., & de Leeuw, J. R. J.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht
- State University Groningen
- Venue
- Review of Educational Research
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 245-274
- ISSN
- 0034-6543 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1046
- OpenAlex
- W2147202909
- Semantic Scholar
- f3e2009e7a587217e7142783aa7fe71b4089663a
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 18.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.rug.nl
- Locations
- Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
- Keywords
- adolescent health behavior, academic performance, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, adolescent smoking, nutrition, physical activity, team sports, early sexual intercourse, bullying, screen time, television viewing, internet use, video games, psychosocial problems, sociological theory, school health promotion
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