Indigenous Methodologies in International Research on Indigenous Family and Community Engagement

May combine two claims.

From our overall search strategy we identified 43 studies on family and community engagement in Indigenous communities published in English which were conducted in the USA (17), Australia (9), Canada (8), Central/South America (5), and Aotearoa New Zealand (4).

“From our overall search strategy we identified 43 studies on family and community engagement in Indigenous communities published in English which were conducted in the USA (17), Australia (9), Canada (8), Central/South America (5), and Aotearoa New Zealand (4).”

May combine two claims.

Most researchers self-located themselves in the research; however, the depth of their discussion about their positionality and their commitments to the community in which they were researching family and community engagement varied across studies.

“Most researchers self-located themselves in the research; however, the depth of their discussion about their positionality and their commitments to the community in which they were researching family and community engagement varied across studies.”

May combine two claims.

Collectively, the 20 international studies analyzed explored a range of issues in family, school, and community relationships in Indigenous communities, including barriers parents must navigate to interact with their child(ren)'s school, their involvement (or not) in school planning meetings, community support and leadership in language revitalization efforts, the redesign of school literacy and数学

“Collectively, the 20 international studies analyzed explored a range of issues in family, school, and community relationships in Indigenous communities.These issues included the barriers parents must navigate to interact with their child(ren)'s school, their involvement (or not) in school planning meetings, community support and leadership in language revitalization efforts, the redesign of school”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They credited this approach with allowing them to successfully conduct a cross-cultural study and to achieve meaningful engagement with both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal parent participants.

“They credited this approach with allowing them to successfully conduct a cross-cultural study and to achieve meaningful engagement with both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal parent participants.”

May combine two claims.

Hall et al.'s (2015) decision to use Māori words to share findings was not based on input of Māori parents but drawn from a framework previously developed by the third author.

“However, Hall et al.'s (2015) (non-Indigenous) decision to use Māori words to share findings was not based on the input of the Māori parents in their study but drawn from a framework previously developed by the third author.”

• cites Hall et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the last two examples in this section, researchers used a specific methodology and/or framework along with methods that were specific to or suggested by the Indigenous communities that served as the location and participants in their studies.

“In the last two examples in this section, researchers used a specific methodology and/or framework along with methods that were specific to or suggested by the Indigenous communities that served as the location and participants in their studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Their study found that Aboriginal parents are involved in and influence their children's learning through everyday activities.

“Their study found that Aboriginal parents are involved in and influence their children's learning through everyday activities.”

May combine two claims.

Though most studies did not explicitly state decolonizing aims or outcomes, close examination of their purposes, participants, framing, frameworks, findings, and/or products revealed that nearly all studies had or attained decolonizing aims and/or outcomes in various ways.

“Though most did not explicitly state decolonizing aims or outcomes as goals of their research, our close examination of their research purposes, participants, framing or rationale for their studies, frameworks used, findings, and/or products revealed that nearly all the studies had or attained decolonizing aims and/or outcomes in various ways.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The authors' close examination of research purposes, participants, framing, frameworks, findings, and/or products can reliably reveal decolonizing aims and outcomes even when not explicitly stated.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

More often than not, these researchers used a combination of Indigenous and traditional Western research methods in their data collection, although they often did not provide explanation or justification for their choice of one data collection method versus another.

“More often than not, these researchers used a combination of Indigenous and traditional Western research methods in their data collection, although they often did not provide explanation or justification for their choice of one data collection method versus another.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This researcher also defined and described the ways that relationality, relational accountability, and Indigenous talking circles guided her study and helped her to locate herself in the research, gain the blessing of community leaders prior to and throughout the research process, listen and attend to participants' feedback and reflections on initial and concluding findings, and maintain ongoing

“This researcher also defined and described the ways that relationality, relational accountability, and Indigenous talking circles guided her study and helped her to locate herself in the research, gain the blessing of community leaders prior to and throughout the research process, listen and attend to participants' feedback and reflections on initial and concluding findings, and maintain ongoing”

May combine two claims.

This was a unique and culturally responsive way of sharing key findings that only one other group of researchers (Hall et al., 2015) followed.

“This was a unique and culturally responsive (Gay, 2010) way of sharing key findings that only one other group of researchers followed (Hall et al., 2015).”

• cites Gay, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hall et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Studies adopted or enacted decolonizing aims/outcomes by centering Indigenous youths', families', and community members' perspectives about family and community engagement and offering counternarratives to deficit descriptions.

“(c) centering Indigenous youths', families', and community members' perspectives about family and community engagement in schools and by offering counternarratives to deficit descriptions and portrayals of Indigenous families and communities (Harwood & Murray, 2020;Huaman & Valdiviezo, 2014;Ives & Sinha, 2016;Kaomea, 2012;Kulago, 2016;Madden et al., 2013;McLaughlin et al., 2012;Washington, 2021);”

• cites Harwood & Murray, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Huaman & Valdiviezo, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ives & Sinha, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Their eventual nonparticipation in PAG meant that parent perspectives were not present in Friedel's observations and also not included in future plans for the Native program in their school.

“Their eventual nonparticipation in PAG meant that parent perspectives were not present in Friedel's observations and also not included in future plans for the Native program in their school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four studies comprised both Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers working together.

“was among a group of four studies that comprised both Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers working together”

May combine two claims.

Harcharek and Rexford (2015) (Iñupiaq People) critically centered Iñupiaq knowledge in their research and credit their continuous and focused engagement and collaboration with Iñupiaq Elders and community members in an Iñupiaq Cultural Advisory Committee with their ability to tell their stories of returning to Iñupiaq consciousness and in the creation of the Iñupiaq Learning Framework for the

“Harcharek and Rexford (2015) (Iñupiaq People) critically centered Iñupiaq knowledge in their research and credit their continuous and focused engagement and collaboration with Iñupiaq Elders and community members in an Iñupiaq Cultural Advisory Committee with their ability to tell their stories of returning to Iñupiaq consciousness and in the creation of the Iñupiaq Learning Framework for the”

• cites Harcharek and Rexford (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While some studies identified an Indigenous, Aboriginal, or tribally specific methodology and/or theoretical framework, others aligned with an Indigenous methodology through their collaborative research design which positioned the Indigenous or Aboriginal youth, Elders, parents, and/or community members in their studies as coresearchers and/or codesigners of the research and/or as consultants or

“While some studies identified an Indigenous, Aboriginal, or tribally specific methodology and/or theoretical framework, others aligned with an Indigenous methodology through their collaborative research design which positioned the Indigenous or Aboriginal youth, Elders, parents, and/or community members in their studies as coresearchers and/or codesigners of the research (Agbo, 2007;Baquedano-L”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Within these four categories, the studies were reconceptualizing Indigenous family and community engagement in multiple ways.

“Further, within these four categories, we unearthed multiple ways that the studies were reconceptualizing Indigenous family and community engagement and will discuss these reconceptualizations in our Discussion and Conclusion sections.”

May combine two claims.

In practice, Friedel instead relied on mainstream qualitative methods such as document analysis and participant observation, methods that did not center the very voices who invited her to do the research and that she aimed to privilege in her study.

“In practice, Friedel instead relied on mainstream qualitative methods such as document analysis and participant observation, methods that did not center the very voices who invited her to do the research and that she aimed to privilege in her study.”

May combine two claims.

While some studies strived to present findings in culturally appropriate, accessible, and asked-for ways, others provided specific examples of research tangibly benefiting communities and extending beyond the end of the research (Agbo, 2007; Baquedano-Lopez, 2021; Bond, 2010).

“While some studies strived to present research findings in culturally appropriate, accessible, and asked for ways, others went a step further by providing specific examples of ways that their research tangibly benefited the communities and extended beyond the end of the research (Agbo, 2007;Baquedano-Lopez, 2021;Bond, 2010).”

• cites Agbo, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Baquedano-Lopez, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bond, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the remaining eight studies reviewed, five were led by researchers who clearly identified themselves as non-Indigenous, while three left the authors wondering about the racial, ethnic, or cultural identities of the researchers.

“In the remaining eight studies that we reviewed, five were led by researchers who clearly identified themselves as non-Indigenous (Ewing, 2012;Flückiger et al., 2012;Madden et al., 2013;Sheehey, 2006;Washington, 2021), while three left us wondering about the racial, ethnic, or cultural identities of the researchers (Agbo, 2007;Hall et al., 2015;Ives & Sinha, 2016).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Semistructured interviews and discussion group meetings revealed that First Nation community members viewed schools as a colonial symbol and fenced-in enclave while Euro-Canadian teachers accused parents of being uninvolved or noncommunicative.

“Semistructured interviews and discussion group meetings revealed that First Nation community members viewed schools as a colonial symbol and fenced-in enclave while Euro-Canadian teachers accused parents of being uninvolved or noncommunicative.”

May combine two claims.

This study found an active and agentic group of Native parents and community leaders who were responsible for challenging (and sometimes overturning) inequitable and exclusionary practices and revitalizing language and culture-centric programming in and outside of the local public schools their children attend.

“This study found an active and agentic group of Native parents and community leaders who were responsible for challenging (and sometimes overturning) inequitable and exclusionary practices and revitalizing language and culture-centric programming in and outside of the local public schools their children attend.”

May combine two claims.

Other researchers (mainly non-Indigenous) gained entry to the community by utilizing existing relationships with community members or by asking permission.

“Other researchers (mainly non-Indigenous) gained entry to the community by utilizing existing relationships with community members or by asking permission.”

May combine two claims.

Through testimonios the Mixtec parent participants shared personal and collective narratives of their experiences navigating hegemonic and unjust societal and school structures and ways that they have enacted agency in their children's public education. Sharing their stories has served as a means of healing and empowerment for these parents.

“Through testimonios the Mixtec parent participants shared personal and collective narratives of their experiences navigating hegemonic and unjust societal and school structures and ways that they have enacted agency in their children's public education.Sharing their stories has served as a means of healing and empowerment for these parents.”

May combine two claims.

Ives and Sinha (2016) partnered with an advisory board of Inuit community members to guide their collaborative qualitative research in one Nunavut community in Northern Canada. They also worked with 14 Inuit secondary students who helped them develop all interview and focus group questions.

“In another study, Ives and Sinha (2016) (who did not identify their backgrounds) partnered with an advisory board of Inuit community members to guide their collaborative qualitative research in one Nunavut community in Northern Canada.They also worked with 14 Inuit secondary students who helped them develop all interview and focus group questions.”

• cites Ives and Sinha (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Ives and Sinha captured the perspectives of youth or students who described the important role of parents, extended family, and friendship networks in their decision to stay in school while noting their parents' lack of engagement in the educational process.

“Ives and Sinha captured the perspectives of youth or students who described the important role of parents, extended family, and friendship networks in their decision to stay in school while noting their parents' lack of engagement in the educational process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They also captured parents' perspective and, similar to Agbo (2007), found that parents in this community desired to be more engaged in their children's schools but did not know how. Parents also identified high teacher turnover and negative communication from schools as barriers to developing relationships with teachers.

“They also captured parents' perspective and, similar to Agbo (2007), found that parents in this community desired to be more engaged in their children's schools but did not know how.Parents also identified high teacher turnover and negative communication from schools as barriers to developing relationships with teachers.”

May combine two claims.

While most researchers made statements and provided details showing use of or adherence to an Indigenist Methodological Framework, enactments of Indigenous methodology were not carried out fully or consistently across the studies.

“While most of the researchers made statements and provided details (some more in depth than others) that showed their use of or adherence to an Indigenist Methodological Framework (i.e., Indigenous paradigm, cultural protocols, and methods) in their studies, enactments of Indigenous methodology were by no means carried out fully or consistently across the studies.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The Indigenist Methodological Framework used to analyze the studies is a valid and appropriate standard for evaluating Indigenous methodologies.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Uncovering the multiple ways the studies had and/or achieved decolonizing goals and/or results, despite absence of decolonizing language in most articles, was an unexpected finding.

“Uncovering the multiple ways that the studies in this literature review had and/ or achieved decolonizing goals and/or results, despite the absence of decolonizing language in most of the articles, was an unexpected finding.”

May combine two claims.

Using the Indigenist Methodological Framework was instrumental in identifying and understanding uses and misuses of Indigenous methodologies in the 20 studies reviewed and revealed more culturally expansive and desire-based conceptualizations of Indigenous families and communities.

“The use of this framework proved instrumental in identifying and understanding uses and misuses of Indigenous methodologies in the 20 studies featured and revealed more culturally expansive and desire-based conceptualizations of Indigenous families and communities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All knowledge is relational, shared, and stewarded through the interconnected components of Indigenous paradigms, protocols, and methods.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Other studies advocated for home, community, and Land as primary sites of learning.

“Secondly, other studies offered historical and contemporary understandings and acknowledgements of educational self-determination in which the home, community, and the Land of Indigenous peoples have been and continue to be viewed as primary sites of learning.”

May combine two claims.

Across the studies, it was evident that Indigenous family and community members cared about their children's education and desired, sought to, and/or engaged in/with schools in varied ways.

“Across the studies, it was evident that Indigenous family and community members cared about their children's education and desired, sought to, and/or engaged in/with schools in varied ways.”

May combine two claims.

A third and more dominant perspective portrayed in studies was the existence of Indigenous family knowledge alongside other subject areas and a call for Indigenous family, Elder, and community expertise in educational decision-making and learning.

“A third and more dominant perspective portrayed in studies was for the existence of Indigenous family knowledge alongside other subject areas and a call for Indigenous family, Elder, and community expertise in educational decision-making and learning, particularly with regard to bilingual education, language and cultural revitalization, and content area teaching.”

May combine two claims.

Most of the results of these studies were published in academic journals and used formats and language that may be inaccessible to the community members who participated.

“Additionally, most of the results of these studies were published in academic journals and used formats and language that may be inaccessible to the community members who participated in their studies.”

May combine two claims.

Except for a few studies, most did not share what community members desired from the research; nor did they explain how the research benefited the community.

“Except for a few studies, most did not share what community members desired from the research; nor did they explain how the research benefited the community.”

May combine two claims.

Most non-Indigenous researchers chose not to fully disclose their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity; most simply identified as non-Indigenous, while a few said nothing.

“Notably, most non-Indigenous researchers chose not to fully disclose their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity.Instead, most simply identified as non-Indigenous, while a few said nothing about their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Indigenous methodologies should align with Indigenous values and belief systems to ensure that research is conducted in a good way that does no harm to Indigenous communities.

“In tandem with other Indigenous scholars, Margaret Kovach (2021) emphasizes that Indigenous methodologies should align with Indigenous values and belief systems (Indigenous paradigms) to ensure that research is conducted in”

• cites Kovach (2021)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ball & Janyst, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Indigenous protocols are a key component of an Indigenous methodology and serve as a means to ensure that activities are carried out in a manner that reflects community teachings and are done in a good way.

“Indigenous protocols are another key component of an Indigenous methodology (Smith, 2021;Wilson, 2001) and serve as a”

• cites Smith, 2021Not matched

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• cites Wilson, 2001Not matched

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• cites Kovach, 2019Not matched

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May combine two claims.

All of these methods are conversational and allow for freer and more fluid participation from participants who are able to share their perspectives and experiences on their own terms.

“Notably, all of these methods are conversational and allow for freer and more fluid participation from participants who are able to share their perspectives and experiences on their own terms (Kovach, 2021).”

• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Researchers, whether Indigenous or non-Indigenous, must engage in critical self-reflection on their own positionality as it relates to their ancestral homeland(s) and what this might reveal about their relationship to the people and place where they are conducting research.

“However, as cihuãmeh researchers Moreno Sandoval et al. (2016) offer through their Ancestral Knowledge Systems (AKS) framework, whether Indigenous or non-Indigenous, researchers must engage in critical self-reflection on their own positionality as it relates to their ancestral homeland(s) and what this might reveal about their relationship to the people and place where they are conducting research”

• cites Moreno Sandoval et al. (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Indigenous paradigms derive from common underlying beliefs and values: researchers are stewards and cointerpreters (not owners) of knowledge that is passed down from Elders and other community members.

“(b) researchers are stewards and cointerpreters (not owners) of knowledge that is passed down from Elders and other community members ( J. A. Archibald, 2008;Brayboy et al., 2012;Patel, 2016;Smith, 2021;Wilson, 2001);”

• cites J. A. Archibald, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Brayboy et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Patel, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Indigenous methods flow from an Indigenous paradigm and are the activities, techniques, and procedures used to find or gather answers to the central questions of the research.

“Like Indigenous protocols, Indigenous methods flow from an Indigenous paradigm and are the activities, techniques, and procedures used to find or gather answers to the central questions of the research (Kovach, 2021;Smith, 2021).”

• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Smith, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All Indigenous research must include the following broad ethical considerations: serve as allies and commit to do no harm as researchers.

“(d) serve as allies and commit to do no harm as researchers (p.48).”

• cites Kovach (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All Indigenous research must include the following broad ethical considerations: use research methodologies that align with Indigenous values.

“Kovach (2009) contends that all Indigenous research, which stems from tribal, Aboriginal or First Nations paradigms, must include the following broad ethical considerations: (a) use research methodologies that align with Indigenous values,”

• cites Kovach (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All Indigenous research must include the following broad ethical considerations: maintain community accountability through a collaborative research design and permission seeking throughout every stage of the research process.

“(b) maintain community accountability through a collaborative research design and permission seeking throughout every stage of the research process,”

• cites Kovach (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous paradigms derive from common underlying beliefs and values: research in Indigenous communities should be conducted in respectful and ethical ways.

“(c) research in Indigenous communities should be conducted in respectful and ethical ways (Ball & Janyst, 2008;Kovach, 2021);”

• cites Ball & Janyst, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Good Indigenist research begins by describing and building on relationships.

“Wilson (2007) introduces an Indigenist paradigm and argues that”

• cites Wilson (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Indigenous methodologies reflect an Indigenous paradigmatic approach to research that influences the choice of methods and requires adherence to Indigenous cultural protocols throughout the research.

“As conceptualized by Indigenous scholars, Indigenous methodologies reflect an Indigenous paradigmatic (or Indigenous worldview/knowledge perspective) approach to research that influences the choice of methods and requires adherence to Indigenous cultural protocols throughout the research (Kovach, 2019;Smith, 2021).”

• cites Kovach, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Smith, 2021Not matched

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May combine two claims.

These research methods bear close allegiance to each other and include storytelling and personal narrative, yarning, talk story, talking/sharing circles, and community-based collaboration and accountability in data collection and analysis.

“These research methods, while often applied in different geographical and/or cultural contexts, bear close allegiance to each other and include (a) storytelling and personal narrative, (b) yarning, (c)”

• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wilson, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Knowledge is believed to originate from and be sustained by relationships that we have with people, objects, the cosmos, ideas, concepts, everything around us.

“Wilson (2007) asserts that”

• cites Wilson (2007)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Relationality is about developing and maintaining good relations with research participants, the land and community in which the research takes place, and the knowledge and ideas learned with and from all the contributors to the research.

“Relationality is about developing and maintaining good relations with research participants, the land and community in which the research takes place, and the knowledge and ideas learned with and from all the contributors to the research (Kovach, 2021;Wilson, 2008).”

• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wilson, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ethics in research is essential to countering exploitative research practices relating to ownership, control, access, and possession.

“Ethics in research is essential to countering exploitative research practices relating to ownership, control, access, and possession (Kovach, 2021).”

• cites Kovach, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indigenous paradigms derive from common underlying beliefs and values: research designs should be decolonizing and address issues of sovereignty and self-determination.

“(d) research designs should be decolonizing and address issues of sovereignty and self-determination (Brayboy et al., 2012;Lomawaima & McCarty, 2006;McCarty & Lee, 2014;Porsanger, 2010;Smith, 2021).”

• cites Brayboy et al., 2012Not matched

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• cites Lomawaima & McCarty, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McCarty & Lee, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Relational accountability requires the researcher to be accountable and answerable in all their relations before, during, and after the research.

“Relatedly, relational accountability requires the researcher to be accountable and answerable in all their relations before, during, and after the research (Wilson, 2001).”

• cites Wilson, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Since knowledge is thought to be relational and shared, it cannot be discovered or owned but instead should be stewarded and cointerpreted with research participants.

“Since knowledge is thought to be relational and shared, it cannot be discovered or owned (Wilson, 2001) but instead should be stewarded and cointerpreted with research participants (see also Patel, 2016;Smith, 2021).”

• cites Wilson, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Patel, 2016Not matched

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• cites Smith, 2021Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This is more likely achieved when researchers introduce themselves and their interest in and relationship to the research topic, site, and participants; ask for and receive the blessing of the community to do the research; and invest time in the community to build (on) and later sustain trusting relationships.

“This is more likely achieved when researchers introduce themselves and their interest in and relationship to the research topic, site, and participants; ask for and receive the blessing of the community to do the research; and invest time in the community to build (on) and later sustain trusting relationships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All Indigenous research must include the following broad ethical considerations: give back the research and benefit the community in meaningful ways that are culturally appropriate and make sense to participants.

“(c) give back the research and benefit the community in meaningful ways that are culturally appropriate and make sense to participants,”

• cites Kovach (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Critical historicity is also a necessary requirement for researchers who study Indigenous family and community dis/engagement from/in the schools their children attend.

“We argue that critical historicity is also a necessary requirement for researchers who study Indigenous family and community dis/engagement from/in the schools their children attend.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These approaches to concluding and sharing research results are not often required or common in Western research methodologies but are essential and well aligned with Indigenous methodologies.

“These approaches to concluding and sharing research results are not often required or common in Western research methodologies but are essential and well aligned with Indigenous methodologies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Western research methodologies are commonly extractive, exploitative, and damage-centered in their practices and portrayals of Indigenous communities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A related aspect of an Indigenous methodology is a research design and methods that honor Indigenous protocols and approaches to research and data collection.

“A related aspect of an Indigenous methodology is a research design and methods that honor Indigenous protocols and approaches to research and data collection.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: A research design and methods that honor Indigenous protocols and approaches to research and data collection is a related aspect of an Indigenous methodology.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These actions represent a turning away from Western paradigms that admonish against subjectivity (self-exposure and self-disclosure) and that do not encourage or honor the building of relationships above other aspects of the research.

“These actions, which some researchers clearly engaged in more transparently and extensively than others, represent a turning away from Western paradigms that admonish against subjectivity (self-exposure and self-disclosure) and that do not encourage or honor the building of relationships above other aspects of the research.”

May combine two claims.

Sharing one's cultural identity and/or relationship or connection to the research and research participants is important but not sufficient.

“While sharing one's cultural identity and/or relationship or connection to the research and research participants is important, it is not sufficient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The term Indigenous is gaining increasing acceptance as a more inclusive and international term, but it is still not widely represented in journals and database searches.

“While Indigenous is gaining increasing acceptance as a more inclusive (and international) term, it is still not widely represented in journals and database searches.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A person does not need to be Indigenous to follow an Indigenist paradigm and apply its tenets; it is the choice to follow the paradigm, philosophy, or worldview that makes research Indigenist, not the ethnic or racial identity of the researcher.

“a person does not need to be Indigenous to follow an Indigenist paradigm and apply its tenets”

• Also stated in: § Notes · plain

  “It is the choice to follow this paradigm, philosophy, or worldview that makes research Indigenist, not the ethnic or racial identity of the researcher”

• cites Wilson, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The absence of this information in the research articles raises questions about researchers' commitments to and actions towards maintaining relational accountability with community participants throughout and beyond the research.

“The absence of this information in the research articles raises questions about researchers' commitments to and actions towards maintaining relational accountability with community participants throughout and beyond the research.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The absence of information in research articles about sharing results, maintaining relationships, and community benefits indicates a gap in relational accountability.

May combine two claims.

Decolonizing goals and results are evident and achievable in research when anchored by Indigenous frameworks; grounded in Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing, being, and doing; and re/focused on systems of oppression while positioning Indigenous peoples as knowledgeable experts and agentic and critical agents within colonizing systems.

“They show that decolonizing goals and results are evident and achievable in research when anchored by Indigenous frameworks; grounded in Indigenous perspectives and ways of knowing, being, and doing; and re/focused on systems of oppression while positioning Indigenous peoples as knowledgeable experts and agentic and critical agents within colonizing systems.”