The Search for Solutions to Mysterious Anomalies in the Geologic Column

Bacteria and bacterial products, postulated as a reason for the 24,600 RC year age for the mosasaur from Belgium, would have been removed by ABA pretreatment used by Lund University.

“Bacteria and bacterial products, postulated as a reason for the 24,600 RC year age for the mosasaur from Belgium [Lindgren et al., [2011], would have been removed by ABA pretreatment used by Lund University, as noted in the study.”

• cites Lindgren et al., [2011] sourceDisputed

  The Methods (14C analysis; page unavailable) say the acid-alkali-acid pretreatment was used to remove absorbed carbonates and humic acids, not that it removed bacteria or their products. The Results (Rationale for excluding fungal growth and animal glue; page unavailable) nevertheless attribute the carbon yielding the 24,600 BP age most likely to bacterial activity, contrary to the claim that pretreatment would have removed its contribution. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

[34] showed that sediments formed simultaneously by size and density in moving waters spontaneously in the disastrous Bijou Flood in Colorado of 1965.

“[34] showed that sediments formed simultaneously by size and density in moving waters spontaneously in the disastrous Bijou Flood in Colorado of 1965.”

• cites [34] 34. Bird MI, Ayliffe LK, Fifield LK, Turney CSM, Cresswell RG, et al. (1999) Radiocarbon dating of "old" charcoal using a wet oxidation, stepped-combustion procedure. Radiocarbon 41: 127-140. sourceCould not verify

  The Samples and Pretreatment sections discuss charcoal used for radiocarbon dating and laboratory removal of mineral impurities. Searches for the 1965 Bijou Flood and for sediment sorting by size and density found no passage in our copy addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Sedimentology analysis and reconstruction of sedimentation conditions of the Tonto Group [Grand Canyon] reveals that deposits of different stratigraphic sub-divisions were formed simultaneously in different litho-dynamical zones of the Cambrian paleobasin.

“Sedimentology analysis and reconstruction of sedimentation conditions of the Tonto Group [Grand Canyon] reveals that deposits of different stratigraphic sub-divisions were formed simultaneously in different litho-dynamical zones of the Cambrian paleobasin.”

• cites [34] 34. Bird MI, Ayliffe LK, Fifield LK, Turney CSM, Cresswell RG, et al. (1999) Radiocarbon dating of "old" charcoal using a wet oxidation, stepped-combustion procedure. Radiocarbon 41: 127-140. sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The Hadrosaur femur collagen yielded a pMC of 5.59, or 23,170 ± 170 14C years BP.

“and the latter a pMC of 5.59, or 23,170± 170 14 C years BP.”

Ancient biomolecules and their decay products contain significantly higher percent Modern carbon (pMC) values than diamond and coal.

“Here we present the results of investigations showing that ancient biomolecules and their decay products contain significantly higher percent Modern carbon (pMC = 14 C/ 12 C) values than diamond and coal.”

Ten dinosaurs from Texas to Alaska plus China yielded pMC values of 6.50 to 0.61, or 22,000 to 41,000 14C years BP after pretreatment to remove old and modern soil contaminants.

“By comparison, our field and lab study of ten dinosaurs from Texas to Alaska plus China yielded much higher pMC's of 6.50 to 0.61, or 22,000 to 41,000 14 C years BP after pretreatment to remove old and modern soil contaminants.”

The Triceratops femur collagen yielded a pMC of 2.16, or 30,890 ± 200 14C years BP.

“with the former yielding a pMC of 2.16, or 30,890 ± 200 14 C years BP”

Samples from a total of ten dinosaurs 14C dated from Texas, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, and Alaska produced pMC values of 5.7 to 0.61, or 23,000 to 41,000 14C years BP.

“Samples from a total of ten dinosaurs have been 14 C dated from Texas, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, and Alaska, producing pMC's of 5.7 to 0.61 (23,000 to 41,000 14 C years BP), as shown in Table 1”

The collagen samples showed a tighter cluster of δ13C values closer to expected plant organics, ranging from -20.1 to -23.8 per mil.

“The collagen samples showed an even tighter cluster of δ 13 C values closer to expected plant organics, ranging from -20.1 to -23.8 per mil.”

Amber found in the same Cretaceous clay matrix as the triceratops produced the youngest of the three 14C ages for amber.

“Amber found in the same Cretaceous clay matrix as the triceratops produced the youngest of the three 14 C ages for amber in Table 2.”

The range of 14C ages for 363 mammoth samples (pMC 33 to 0.16, or 9,000 to 52,000 14C years BP) is similar to that of samples from eleven dinosaurs (pMC 6.5 to 0.61, or 22,000 to 41,000 14C years BP).

“The range of 14 C ages for 363 mammoth samples (pMC 33 to 0.16, or 9,000 to 52,000 14 C years BP) is similar to that of samples from eleven dinosaurs (pMC 6.5 to 0.61, or 22,000 to 41,000 14 C years BP).”

The paper found organic δ13C values near the expected range for most C3 plants as a consequence of photosynthesis (-24 to -34 per mil).

“We also found organic δ 13 C values near the expected range for most C3 plants as a consequence of photosynthesis (-24 to -34 per mil).”

All three amber specimens fall in the same 14C range as coal from Europe and ten samples of American coal.

“The results shown in Table 2 #12 indicate that all three specimens fall in the same range as coal from Europe (Table 2 #11) and ten samples of American coal.”

Figure 1 shows an average age of these mammoths as 19,000 14C years BP for those dated to <40,000 14C years BP.

“Figure 1 shows an average age of these mammoths as 19,000 14 C years BP for those dated to <40,000 14 C years BP.”

The more enriched organic δ13C values came from collagen and bulk organic fractions of whole bone (-15.7 to -18.4 per mil).

“The more enriched organic δ 13 C values came from collagen and bulk organic fractions of whole bone (-15.7 to -18.4 per mil).”

The range of 14C ages for fossil wood from Cretaceous and Jurassic strata is 0.96 to 0.14 pMC, or 37,000 to 52,000 14C years BP.

“The range of 14 C ages for fossil wood (Table 2) from Cretaceous and Jurassic strata is 0.96 to 0.14 pMC, or 37,000 to 52,000 14 C years BP.”

Some bioapatite ages were older than bulk bone or collagen in the same bone, as with Triceratops #2, Triceratops #3, and Hadrosaur #2.

“Note that some bioapatite ages were older than bulk bone or collagen in the same bone, as with Triceratops #2 (12 and 13), Triceratops #3 (14 and 15), and Hadrosaur #2 (18 and 20) in Table 1.”

Whether the samples were extracted from the same bone or from different parts of the same dinosaur, the authors obtained reproducible and concordant pMC's.

“Whether the samples were extracted from the same bone or from different parts of the same dinosaur, we obtained reproducible and concordant pMC's.”

Using three ABA pretreatments of the same bone material did not result in reduction of the ages for even severely degraded bone material.

“Using three ABA pretreatments of the same bone material did not result in reduction of the ages for even severely degraded bone material.”

PVC-coated specimens tended to give false older ages.

“However, PVC-coated specimens tended to give false older ages.”

It is not unusual to 14C-date such a low amount of collagen, provided other bone fractions are tested and concordant ages are obtained.

“It is not unusual to 14 C-date such a low amount of collagen, provided other bone fractions are tested and concordant ages are obtained, as described by [6].”

• cites [6] 6. Schweitzer MH, Wittmeyer JL, Horner JR, Toporski JK (2005) Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 307: 1952-1955 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

AMS 14C dating of the mosasaur at Lund University yielded a pMC of 4.68, or 24,600 14C years BP.

“Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) 14 C dating at Lund University, Sweden, yielded a pMC of 4.68 (24,600 14 C years BP).”

• cites [2] 2. strata by C. Baugh and B. Dunkel; identified by C. Baugh in 2014. Psittacosaurus, a small ceratopsian dinosaur whose name means "parrot lizard". The tail bone is from the Gobi Desert, donated by Mt. Blanco Museum. Mosasaur -see Lindgren et al. 2011.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

A study by [2] discovered collagen in a marine reptile, a mosasaur.

“One such study by [2] discovered collagen in a marine reptile, a mosasaur.”

• cites [2] 2. strata by C. Baugh and B. Dunkel; identified by C. Baugh in 2014. Psittacosaurus, a small ceratopsian dinosaur whose name means "parrot lizard". The tail bone is from the Gobi Desert, donated by Mt. Blanco Museum. Mosasaur -see Lindgren et al. 2011.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Further studies confirmed that collagenous material was endogenous in more than just the Tyrannosaurus rex femur.

“Further studies of other fossils confirmed that collagenous material was indeed endogenous in more than just the Tyrannosaurus rex femur.”

South African diamonds yielded pMC values of 0.16 to 0.11, corresponding to ages of 52,000 to 55,000 14C years BP.

“South African diamonds yielded pMC values of from 0.16 to 0.11 pMC, or ages of 52,000 to 55,000 Carbon-14 years before present ( 14 C years BP) [Baumgardner et al., 2003].”

• cites Baumgardner et al., 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

Ten coal specimens from the United States from Eocene and Pennsylvanian strata yielded pMC values of 0.33 to 0.16, or 46,000 to 52,000 14C years BP.

“Ten coal specimens from the United States from Eocene and Pennsylvanian strata were 0.33 to 0.16 pMC, or 46,000 to 52,000 14 C years BP.”

Flexible soft tissue was reported in a Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur femur bone in 2005.

“In 2005, flexible soft tissue was reported in a Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur femur bone [3], [4].”

• cites [3] 3. GX is Geochron Labs, Cambrdge, MA; AA is the University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ; UG is the University of Georgia, Athens, GA; KIA is Christian Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany; AMS is Accelerator Mass Spectrometry; Beta is the conventional method of counting Beta decay particles; Bio is the carbonate fraction of bioapatite. Bow is the bulk organic fraction of whole bone; Col is the collagen fraction; ext and w are charred exterior and whole bone fragments, respectively; Hum is humic acid. c) Weight of samples: Sample size sent to RC lab, ≈ 170 g as required by Geochron in 1990 for GX-151Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [4] 4. Baumgardner JR, Humphreys DR, Snelling AA, Austin SA (2003) The Enigma of Ubiquity of 14 C in Organic Samples Older Than 100 ka. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, abstract #V32C-1045.Not checked — no full text of the source

Table 3, concerned with δ13C, supports the reliability of the 14C ages.

“Table 3 is concerned with δ 13 C, and supports the reliability of the 14 C ages.”

Even if cyanobacteria were present on the mosasaur bone, they would likely be contemporaneous with the mosasaur, i.e., Cretaceous.

“However, even if cyanobacteria were present, they would likely be contemporaneous with the mosasaur upon whose bones they fed, i.e.Cretaceous.”

Thirteen diamond samples from Brazil yielded pMC values of 0.026 to 0.005, or 14C ages of 66,500 to 80,000 14C years BP.

“Thirteen diamond samples from Brazil yielded pMC's of 0.026 to 0.005, or 14 C ages of 66,500 to 80,000 14 C years BP [10].”

• cites [10] 10. Arslanov Kh A, Svezhentsev Yu S (1993) An improved method for radiocarbon dating fossil bones. Radiocarbon 35: 387-391. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Neanderthal fossils throughout Europe and Asia have been radiocarbon dated.

“Neanderthal fossils throughout Europe and Asia have been radiocarbon dated [16], [17].”

• cites [16] 16. Stuckenrath R, Mielke JE (1972) Smithsonian Institution Radiocarbon Measurements VII. Radiocarbon 14: 401-412.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [17] 17. Berger R, Libby W F (1968) UCLA Radiocarbon Dates VIII. Radiocarbon 10(2): 402-416. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The coal and South African diamond dates are in the range considered to be at the limit of AMS reliability.

“These dates are in the range considered to be at the limit of AMS reliability.”

Two samples from a tamarack wood tree branch at 122 m depth were radiocarbon dated to pMC 4.2 and 2.6, or 25,500 ± 1000 and 29,200 ± 2000 14C years BP.

“Two samples from a tree branch of tamarack wood from 122 m depth were radiocarbon dated to a pMC of 4.2 and 2.6, or 25,500 ± 1000 and 29,200 ± 2000 14 C years BP, [11]”

• cites [11] 11. McManamon FP (2004) NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man. Memorandum from the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Coals from various locations in the United States, as reported by [1], yielded pMC values of 0.33 to 0.11, or about 45,000 to 55,000 14C years BP.

“Coals from various locations in the United States, as reported by [1], yielded pMC values of 0.33 to 0.11 (~45,000 to 55,000 14 C years BP).”

• cites [1] 1. Hadrosaur #2, a duck billed dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in clay in the NW ¼, NE ¼ of Sec. 32, T16N, R56 E, Dawson County, Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline and H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #1, a ceratopsid dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in Cretaceous clay at 47º 6' 18" by 104º 39' 22" Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline, H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #2, a very large cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

[20] found nitrogen content in 24 samples of bones from various species of dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous Judith River Formation in Alberta, Canada, that was much higher than the nitrogen content of any of the paper's dinosaur bones.

“[20] found nitrogen content in 24 samples of bones from various species of dinosaurs found in the Late Cretaceous Judith River Formation in Alberta, Canada that was much higher than the nitrogen content of any of our dinosaur bones.”

• cites [20] 20. Rink WJ, Schwarcz HP, Valoch K, Seitl L, Stringer CB (1996) ESR Dating of Micoquian Industry and Neanderthal Remains at Kulna Cave, Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 889-901. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The range of pMC values for ten saber tooth tigers from La Brea Tar Pits, pretreated to remove tar, is 9.4 to 3.1, or 12,000 to 28,000 years.

“The range of pMC's for ten saber tooth tigers from La Brea Tar Pits, pretreated to remove tar, is 9.4 to 3.1 (12,000 to 28,000 year range) [14].”

• cites [14] 14. Sheppard JC, Chatters RM (1976) Washington State University Natural Radiocarbon Measurements II. Radiocarbon 18: 140-149. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A mammoth burial site in Hot Springs, South Dakota, containing remains of 50 animals yielded calcium carbonate from bioapatite with 3.9 pMC, or an age of 26,000 14C years BP.

“Only the calcium carbonate from bioapatite remained for 14 C dating; it yielded 3.9 pMC, or an age of 26,000 14 C years BP [19].”

• cites [19] 19. Zorich Z (2010) Should We Clone Neanderthals?. Archaeology 63: 34-41.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

A well-preserved mosasaur humerus found in Belgian chalk beds yielded 0.25% carbon content and a pMC of 4.68, corresponding to 24,600 14C years BP.

“A well-preserved mosasaur humerus found in Belgian chalk beds yielded 0.25% carbon content and a pMC of 4.68, which corresponds to an age of 24,600 14 C years BP [2]”

• cites [2] 2. strata by C. Baugh and B. Dunkel; identified by C. Baugh in 2014. Psittacosaurus, a small ceratopsian dinosaur whose name means "parrot lizard". The tail bone is from the Gobi Desert, donated by Mt. Blanco Museum. Mosasaur -see Lindgren et al. 2011.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The bioapatite δ13C values were in the expected range for carbonate minerals derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide, which contains δ13C values around -7.0 per mil.

“The bioapatite values were in the expected range for carbonate minerals derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide, which contains δ 13 C values around -7.0 per mil.”

Since collagen holds over 95% of the nitrogen in bones, the nitrogen data suggest the presence of a significant amount of collagen in the Canadian dinosaur bones.

“Since collagen holds over 95% of the nitrogen in bones [25], this suggests the presence of a significant amount of collagen in the Canadian dinosaur bones.”

• cites [25] 25. Cherkinsky A (2009) Can we get a good radiocarbon aged from "Bad Bone?" Determining the reliability of radiocarbon age from bioapatite. Radiocarbon 51: 647-655. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Another unfossilized wood sample from 143 m depth gave a pMC of 0.43, or an age of >43,300 14C years BP.

“Another unfossilized wood sample from 143 m depth gave a pMC of 0.43, or an age of >43,300 14 C years BP using β-scintillation counting [12].”

• cites [12] 12. Dawson JW (1846) Notice of some Fossils found in the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia. Quarterly J. Geol. London 2: 132-136.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

[18] found significant nitrogen content in well preserved bones of 42 Cretaceous species, including dinosaurs, in Alberta, Canada.

“As noted in section 2.3, [18] found significant nitrogen content in well preserved bones of 42 Cretaceous species, including dinosaurs, in Alberta, Canada.”

• cites [18] 18. Harrington CR, Morlan RE (2002) Evidence for Human Modification of a late PleistoceneBison from the Klondike District, Yukon Territory, Canada. Arctic. Inst. N. Am. 55: 143-147.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The AMS determinations for coals yielded remarkably similar values of 0.26 pMC for the Eocene, 0.21 for the Cretaceous, and 0.27 for the Pennsylvanian samples.

““Averaged over geological interval, the AMS determinations yielded remarkably similar values of 0.26 pMC for the Eocene, 0.21 for the Cretaceous and 0.27 for the Pennsylvanian samples.””

• cites [1] 1. Hadrosaur #2, a duck billed dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in clay in the NW ¼, NE ¼ of Sec. 32, T16N, R56 E, Dawson County, Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline and H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #1, a ceratopsid dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in Cretaceous clay at 47º 6' 18" by 104º 39' 22" Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline, H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #2, a very large cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Diamonds from South Africa yielded lesser amounts of pMC ranging from 0.15 to 0.1, or about 52,000 to 55,000 14C years BP.

“Diamonds from South Africa, on the other hand, yielded lesser amounts of pMC ranging from 0.15 to 0.1 (~52,000 to 55,000 14 C years BP).”

• cites [1] 1. Hadrosaur #2, a duck billed dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in clay in the NW ¼, NE ¼ of Sec. 32, T16N, R56 E, Dawson County, Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline and H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #1, a ceratopsid dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in Cretaceous clay at 47º 6' 18" by 104º 39' 22" Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline, H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #2, a very large cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The soft tissue collagen fraction of a wooly rhinoceros bone from Ukraine yielded a pMC of 5.56, or 23,235 ± 775 14C years BP.

“The “soft tissue” collagen fraction of a bone sample from a Coelodonta antiquitatais (wooly rhinoceros), found in Ukraine in 1929 yielded a pMC of 5.56, or 23,235 ± 775 14 C years BP”

• cites [13] 13. Taylor RE, Southon J (2007) Use of natural diamonds to monitor 14 C AMS instrument backgrounds. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259: 282-287. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Living plants in Montezuma Well in Arizona yielded pMC values of 12.1 to 5.1, or 17,000 to 24,000 14C years BP.

“An example of this was found in living plants in Montezuma Well in Arizona, where the plants yielded pMC's of 12.1 to 5.1 (17,000 to 24,000 14 C years BP) [27].”

• cites [27] 27. Kutschera, W. (2001), 4.4 Radiocarbon dating of the Iceman Otzi with accelerator mass spectrometry, VERA Laboratory, Institute for Isotopic Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, pp. 1-9.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Other diamonds exhibited a range of 68.1 ± 1.2 ka to 80.0 ± 1.1 ka.

“However, the other diamonds exhibited a range of 68.1 + 1.2 ka to 80.0 + 1.1 ka.”

• cites [8] 8. Holzschuh J, Pontcharra J de, Miller H (2012) Recent C-14 dating of fossils including dinosaur bone collagen. Are theresults a confirmation of rapid formation of the geologic column as modern sedimentology studies have predicted?. In: von Brandenstein-Zeppelin AG, von Stockhausen A (eds.). Evolution Theory and the Sciences: A Critical Examination. Pg 295-321, Gerhard Hess Verlag, Bad Schussenried, Germany.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The pMC concordance between fractions from the same dinosaur indicates that almost all contaminants were removed by the pretreatment procedures used.

“As shown in Figure 7, the pMC concordance between fractions from the same dinosaur (six examples are circled) indicates that almost all contaminants were removed by the pretreatment procedures used.”

The diverse evidence provides a simple explanation for the survival of soft tissue and bio-molecules in some dinosaur fossils, beyond any possible contribution of biofilm and blood iron.

“The diverse evidence provides a simple explanation for the survival of soft tissue and bio-molecules in some dinosaur fossils, beyond any possible contribution of biofilm and blood iron.”

Flume experiments show that mudstones can form in moving waters.

“However, flume experiments show that mudstones can form in moving waters [39].”

• cites [39] 39. Makse HA, Havlin S, King PR, Stanley HE (1997), Spontaneous stratification in granular mixtures, Nature. 386: 379-382. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Eight dinosaurs yielded reproducible RC ages well within the limits of the AMS and Beta systems from in-situ biological carbonate fraction extracted with strong but diluted HCl under vacuum after pretreatment with acetic acid to remove burial carbonate.

“In-situ biological carbonate fraction was extracted with strong but diluted HCl under vacuum after pretreatment with Acetic acid to remove burial carbonate, and eight dinosaurs yielded reproducible RC ages well within the limits of the AMS and Beta systems.”

The concordance of pMC's among the dinosaur bones dated supports the view that the 14C ages were not much affected by bioapatite carbon exchange.

“This view is supported by the concordance of pMC's among the dinosaur bones we dated, as shown in Figure 7, where we compare the percent of Modern 14 C (pMC) in 23 samples of dinosaur bone fractions extracted primarily by AMS labs.”

Six fragments cut from a single diamond exhibited essentially identical 14C values (69.3 ± 0.5 ka to 70.6 ± 0.5 ka 14C years BP).

“Six fragments cut from a single diamond exhibited essentially identical 14 C values -69.3 + 0.5 ka -70.6 + 0.5 ka 14 C years BP.”

• cites [8] 8. Holzschuh J, Pontcharra J de, Miller H (2012) Recent C-14 dating of fossils including dinosaur bone collagen. Are theresults a confirmation of rapid formation of the geologic column as modern sedimentology studies have predicted?. In: von Brandenstein-Zeppelin AG, von Stockhausen A (eds.). Evolution Theory and the Sciences: A Critical Examination. Pg 295-321, Gerhard Hess Verlag, Bad Schussenried, Germany.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The finding that stratigraphic divisions do not correspond to sedimentary genesis has been confirmed by experiment.

“This has been confirmed by experiment [36], [37](see Figure 2).”

• cites [36] 36. Berthault G (2004) Sedimentological interpretation of the Tonto Group stratigraphy (Grand Canyon Colorado River). Lithology and Mineral Resources 39: 480-484. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [37] 37. McKee ED, Crosby EJ, Berryhill HL (1967) Flood deposits, Bijou Creek, Colorado, June 1965 . Journal of Sedimentary Research. 37:829-851. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Thirteen diamond samples from Paleozoic alluvial deposits in Brazil yielded pMC's of 0.026 to 0.005, or 14C ages of 66,500 to 80,000 14C years BP.

“Thirteen diamond samples yielded pMC's of 0.026 to 0.005, or 14 C ages of 66,500 to 80,000 14 C years BP.”

• cites [8] 8. Holzschuh J, Pontcharra J de, Miller H (2012) Recent C-14 dating of fossils including dinosaur bone collagen. Are theresults a confirmation of rapid formation of the geologic column as modern sedimentology studies have predicted?. In: von Brandenstein-Zeppelin AG, von Stockhausen A (eds.). Evolution Theory and the Sciences: A Critical Examination. Pg 295-321, Gerhard Hess Verlag, Bad Schussenried, Germany.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The Reservoir Effect is due to ingestion of gas containing old carbon.

“The effect is due to ingestion of gas containing old carbon.”

Old carbon ingested during lifetime cannot be removed.

“Old carbon (with a low 14 C/ 12 C ratio) ingested during lifetime cannot be removed.”

These licensed, professional laboratories follow the protocols developed over a period of 60 years, as reported in the journal Radiocarbon [20] and elsewhere.

“These licensed, professional laboratories follow the protocols developed over a period of 60 years, as reported in the journal Radiocarbon [20] and elsewhere.”

• cites [20] 20. Rink WJ, Schwarcz HP, Valoch K, Seitl L, Stringer CB (1996) ESR Dating of Micoquian Industry and Neanderthal Remains at Kulna Cave, Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 889-901. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

None of the authors' samples from 1990 on had shellac-type coatings.

“However, none of our samples from 1990 on had such coatings.”

The anomalous but consistent finding that a variety of fossils buried throughout the Phanerozoic actually contain 14C suggests a much younger geologic column.

“The anomalous but consistent finding that a variety of fossils buried throughout the Phanerozoic actually contain 14 C suggests a much younger geologic column.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Fossils such as wood, amber, coal, dinosaurs, and diamonds should contain zero 14C under prevailing ideas of Earth history.

A modern aquatic plant (Charophyceae) growing under water yielded 17,300 +/- 400 years.

“A-438 Modern Aquatic plant (Charophyceae) growing under water, 17,300+/-400 years”

Dinosaurs apparently coexisted with both Neanderthal and Modern man for a period of time.

“Dinosaurs apparently coexisted with both Neanderthal and Modern man for a period of time.”

The 45 million years between the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic epochs are also mistaken, since dinosaur fossils and coal from these strata exhibit equivalent 14C ages.

“The 45 million years between the Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic epochs are also mistaken, since dinosaur fossils and coal from these strata exhibit equivalent 14 C ages.”

14C-dating has been calibrated against known artifacts, tree rings, and annual lake sediments out to 52,800 years.

“Unlike long-age radioisotope dating, 14 C-dating has been calibrated against known artifacts, tree rings, and annual lake sediments out to 52,800 years [40].”

• cites [40] 40. Julien PY, Lan Y, Berthault G. (1993) Experiments on Stratification of Heterogeneous Sand Mixtures. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 164: 649-660.Not checked — no full text of the source

Old carbon from recycled CO2, with less 14C than the atmosphere, can make a sample appear older than it really is.

“However, “old” carbon from recycled CO2, with less 14 C than the atmosphere, can make a sample appear older than it really is.”

In some instances, 14C ages of living plants and trees reflect the intake of old carbon.

“Therefore, in some instances, 14 C ages of living plants and trees reflect the intake of old carbon.”

These tests show that any contamination introduced by AMS operations is likely to be miniscule in relation to the pMC levels obtained for the dinosaur bone samples in Table 1 that range between 6.45 to 0.61 pMC, or 22,020 ± 50 to 41,000 ± 220 14C years BP.

“These tests show that any contamination introduced by AMS operations is likely to be miniscule in relation to the pMC levels obtained for the dinosaur bone samples in Table 1 that range between 6.45 to 0.61 pMC, or 22,020 + 50 to 41,000 + 220 14 C years BP.”

Shellac type preservatives, if present, could yield a much younger RC age for coated bone samples.

“Shellac type preservatives, if present, could yield a much younger RC age for coated bone samples.”

Nuclear production of up to 1.0 pMC from the presence of large amounts of U and Th cannot occur in dinosaur bones, which contain small amounts of U and Th impurities, because the atomic cross sections are too low.

“Nuclear production of up to 1.0 pMC from the presence of large amounts of U and Th cannot occur in dinosaur bones, which contain small amounts of U and Th impurities, because the atomic cross sections are too low.”

14C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the 'routine' background.

“14 C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the 'routine' background.”

• cites [8] 8. Holzschuh J, Pontcharra J de, Miller H (2012) Recent C-14 dating of fossils including dinosaur bone collagen. Are theresults a confirmation of rapid formation of the geologic column as modern sedimentology studies have predicted?. In: von Brandenstein-Zeppelin AG, von Stockhausen A (eds.). Evolution Theory and the Sciences: A Critical Examination. Pg 295-321, Gerhard Hess Verlag, Bad Schussenried, Germany.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

A living tree growing at a German airport absorbed fossil fuel gases from passing planes and yielded a pMC of 28.8, or a 14C age of 10,000 14C years BP.

“In another case, a living tree growing at a German airport absorbed fossil fuel gases from passing planes.It yielded a pMC of 28.8, or a 14 C age of 10,000 14 C years BP [28].”

• cites [28] 28. Collins MJ, Nielsen-Marsh CM, Hiller J, Smith CI , Roberts JP (2002) The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometry 44: 383-394. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The 65 to 150 million year ages attributed to dinosaurs are apparently erroneous.

“The 65 to 150 million year ages attributed to dinosaurs are apparently erroneous.”

The 14C dating of dinosaurs presented here reinforces similar 14C data presented by [1].

“The 14 C dating of dinosaurs presented here reinforces similar 14 C data presented by [1].”

• cites [1] 1. Hadrosaur #2, a duck billed dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in clay in the NW ¼, NE ¼ of Sec. 32, T16N, R56 E, Dawson County, Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline and H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #1, a ceratopsid dinosaur. A femur bone was excavated in 2004 in Cretaceous clay at 47º 6' 18" by 104º 39' 22" Montana by O. Kline of the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum. It was sawed open by O. Kline, H. Miller in 2005 to retrieve samples for C-14 testing. Triceratops #2, a very large cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Complex organic substances should not survive burial past 100,000 years.

“Such complex organic substances should not survive burial past 100,000 years [41], [42].”

• cites [41] 41. Maithel SA, Brand L R, Whitmore JH (2013) Morphology of Avalanche Beds in the Coconino Sandstone at Chino Wash, Seligman, Arizona. Geological Society of America 45.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [42] 42. Schieber J, Southard JB (2009) Bedload transport of mud by floccule ripples - Direct observation of ripple migration processes and their implications. Geology 37: 483-486. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

These studies demonstrate simultaneous deposition of multiple strata in rapidly moving water.

“These studies demonstrate simultaneous deposition of multiple strata in rapidly moving water [Figure 2].”

• cites [Figure 2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Extensive sedimentary formations were possibly deposited by one or more cataclysmic events only thousands of years ago rather than millions.

“This leads to the possibility that extensive sedimentary formations were deposited by one or more cataclysmic events only thousands of years ago rather than millions.”

The data displayed in the authors' Figures and Tables clearly demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of 14C in geologic formations where there should be none, if prevailing ideas of Earth history are correct.

“The data displayed in our Figures and Tables clearly demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of 14 C in geologic formations where there should be none, if prevailing ideas of Earth history are correct.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Fossils such as wood, amber, coal, dinosaurs, and diamonds should contain zero 14C under prevailing ideas of Earth history.