The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT1A receptor
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate (MPH) was exerting binding activity as an agonist or antagonist of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B receptors. [35S]guanosine5'[gamma-thio]triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding assay and field-stimulated Guinea pig ileum assay were used to determine 5-HT(1A) receptor agonism and antagonism activity of d-threo-(R,R)-MPH. The results suggested d-threo-(R,R)-MPH induced 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist activity at 100 microM. The Guinea pig ileum functional assay showed that d-threo-(R,R)-MPH produced agonist-like reduction of neurogenic twitch with an EC50 5.65 +/- 0.36 microM. At 30 microM concentrations, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH produced 171 +/- 4.24% of the relaxation relative to that caused by 0.12 microM 8-OH-DPAT. However, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH exhibited no significant pharmacological activity in rat stomach fundus 5-HT(2B) receptor functional assay. Thus, d-threo-(R,R)-MPH appears to act as a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist in vitro. It is speculated that the activation of 5-HT(1A) receptor might play a partial role in d-threo-(R,R)-MPH mediated dopamine (DA) release in the brain.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Methylphenidate directly interacts with adrenergic receptors, and through α2 adrenergic receptor activation it stimulates cortical excitability.
“Multiple studies have demonstrated that MPH also directly interacts with adrenergic receptors (109, 115, 119, 120). Through activation of α2 adrenergic receptors, MPH has been demonstrated to stimulate cortical excitability (109).”
Cites
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Selective Overview
Biederman, J. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
General hospital psychiatry: the Italian experience.
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dougherty, D. D., Bonab, A. A., Spencer, T. J., Rauch, S. L., Madras, B. K., & Fischman, A. J. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04030-1 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Solanto, M. V. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00175-7 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Fundamentals of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: circuits and pathways.
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Clozapine increases dopamine release in prefrontal cortex by 5-HT1A receptor activation
Rollema, H., Lu, Y., Schmidt, A. W., & Zorn, S. H. (1997) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)81951-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Rollema, H., Lu, Y., Schmidt, A. W., Sprouse, J. S., & Zorn, S. H. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00850-7 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Sakaue, M., Somboonthum, P., Nishihara, B., Kōyama, Y., Hashimoto, H., Baba, A., & Matsuda, T. (2000) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703139 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Assié, M., Ravailhe, V., Faucillon, V., & Newman‐Tancredi, A. (2005) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.087163 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Markowitz, J. S., DeVane, C. L., Pestreich, L. K., Patrick, K. S., & Muniz, R. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.687 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Methylphenidate Enantiomers
Markowitz, J. S., & Patrick, K. S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181733560 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationNew methylphenidate formulations for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Patrick, K. S., Ángel-González, M., Straughn, A. B., & Markowitz, J. S. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2.1.121 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationContractile serotonergic receptor in rat stomach fundus.
Cohen, M. L., & Fludzinski, L. A. (1987) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)39229-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nanopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines Currently on the Market: Challenges and Opportunities
Farjadian, F., Ghasemi, A., Gohari, O., Roointan, A., Karimi, M., & Hamblin, M. R. (2018) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm-2018-0120 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Faraone, S. V. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Cerebral blood flow predicts differential neurotransmitter activity
Dukart, J., Holiga, Š., Chatham, C. H., Hawkins, P. C. T., Forsyth, A., McMillan, R. L., Myers, J., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Nutt, D., Merlo‐Pich, E., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22444-0 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders
Wong, T., Li, G., Li, S., Gao, W., Chen, G., Gan, S., Zhang, M., Li, H., Wu, S., & Du, Y. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Does serotonin deficit mediate susceptibility to ADHD?
Banerjee, E., & Nandagopal, K. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.02.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review
Jaeschke, R. R., Sujkowska, E., & Sowa-Kućma, M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05946-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cortese, S., Bellgrove, M. A., Brikell, I., Franke, B., Goodman, D. W., Hartman, C. A., Larsson, H., LEVIN, F. R., Ostinelli, E. G., Parlatini, V., et al. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21374 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Quintero, J., Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., & Álamo, C. (2022) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-022-00392-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Secondary pharmacology: screening and interpretation of off-target activities – focus on translation
Whitebread, S., Dumotier, B. M., Armstrong, D., Fekete, A., Chen, S., Hartmann, A., Muller, P. Y., & Urbán, L. (2016) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.021 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
New Formulations of Stimulants: An Update for Clinicians
Steingard, R. J., Taskiran, S. A., Connor, D. F., Markowitz, J. S., & Stein, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0043 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMethylphenidate off-label use and safety
Trenque, T. C., Herlem, E., Taam, M. A., & Dramé, M. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-286 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stevens, T., Sangkuhl, K., Brown, J. T., Altman, R. B., & Klein, T. E. (2019) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0000000000000376 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Yu, F., Lyu, Y., & Lu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1034243 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
From neurons to brain networks, pharmacodynamics of stimulant medication for ADHD
Parlatini, V., Bellato, A., Murphy, D., & Cortese, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105841 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Salman, T., Nawaz, S., Waraich, R. S., & Haleem, D. J. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.046 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., Quintero, J., Jorba, G., Junet, V., Martínez, V., Pozo-Rubio, T., Oliva, B., Daura, X., Mas, J. M., & Montoto, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741170 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Haleem, D. J., Inam, Q.-U.-A., & Haleem, M. A. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.031 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Methylphenidate: Gender trends in adult and pediatric populations over a 7 year period
Ehrhardt, C., Boucherie, Q., Pauly, V., Braunstein, D., Ronfle, E., Thirion, X., Frauger, É., & Micallef, J. (2017) · Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.therap.2017.05.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Silczuk, A., Lewandowska, A., Filip, M., Atroszko, P. A., Podolec, J., Gałecka, M., Madejek, R., & Czyżewski, Ł. (2025) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-025-00763-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Salman, T., Afroz, R., Nawaz, S., Mahmood, K., Haleem, D. J., & Zarina, S. (2021) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2021.08.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mucci, F., Avella, M. T., & Marazziti, D. (2019) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867326666190805153610 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jackson, E. F., Riley, T. B., & Overton, P. G. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09610-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics of Psychostimulants
Markowitz, J. S., & Melchert, P. W. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationQu, S., Zhou, X., Wang, Z., Yi, W., Zhou, H., Zhang, X., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Jiang, L., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02314-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lifetime evolution of ADHD treatment
Mucci, F., Carpita, B., Pagni, G., Vecchia, A. D., Bjedov, S., Pozza, A., & Marazziti, D. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02336-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Poddar, A., Gaddam, S., Sonnaila, S., Bhavaraju, V. S. M., & Agrawal, S. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6020041 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cortical alterations associated with lower response to methylphenidate in adults with ADHD
Parlatini, V., Andrews, D. S., Pretzsch, C. M., Arenella, M., Daly, E., Ecker, C., & Murphy, D. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00228-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grünblatt, E., Bartl, J., Marinova, Z., & Walitza, S. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0869-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dutta, C. N., Christov‐Moore, L., Ombao, H., & Douglas, P. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prescriptions hors AMM supervisées de méthylphénidate dans le TDAH de l’adulte
Carton, L., Dondaine, T., Deheul, S., Marquié, C., Brigadeau, F., Amad, A., Devos, D., Danel, T., Bordet, R., Cottencin, O., et al. (2018) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sex differences in the response to treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Müller, E. D., & Fender, A. C. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04716-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Graney, P. L., Chen, M. Y., Wood, R. I., & Wagner, C. K. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105550 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Haleem, D. J., Salman, T., Nawaz, S., & Ikram, H. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113660 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., Quintero, J., Segú-Vergés, C., Monterde, P. R., Pozo-Rubio, T., Coma, M., & Montoto, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.939650 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chepke, C., Brunner, E., & Cutler, A. J. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4503 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Treatment of Adult ADHD: Complexity at Hand
Pallanti, S., & Salerno, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39051-8_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in a young antipsychotic-naïve female patient
Walichniewicz, P., & Lew‐Starowicz, M. (2021) · Wiedza Medyczna · doi:10.36553/wm.74 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hill, K., Henderson, A., Sharma, A., Kanumuri, R. S., Mukhopadhyay, S., Veltri, C. A., Smith, K. E., McCurdy, C. R., & Grundmann, O. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2551707 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., Källstrand, J., Niklasson, K., Andersson, M. J., & Lindvall, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036231204319 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vaziri-harami, R., Vaziri‐harami, S., & Laktarashani, Y. F. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100790 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pathogenesis-directed therapy of methylphenidate-induced oxidative heart damage in rats
Emir, İ., Bulut, S., Süleyman, B., Mammadov, R., Yucel, N., Çiçek, B., Yazıcı, G. N., Altuner, D., Günay, M., & Süleyman, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1503032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biology and personality: a mathematical approach to the body-mind problem
Micó, J. C., Amigó, S., Caselles, A., & Romero, P. D. (2020) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-03-2020-0138 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pardossi, S., Cuomo, A., Koukouna, D., Pinzi, M., Firenzuoli, B., & Fagiolini, A. M. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15030380 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of methylphenidate on the reproductive function of female rats
Çim, N., Çim, B., Çim, E. F. A., Bulut, S., Mammadov, R., Süleyman, B., Yucel, N., Mendĭl, A. S., Çoban, T. A., & Süleyman, H. (2024) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.16145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE OCULAR EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES: RELATO DE EXPERIENCIA DE ESTUDANTES DE MEDICINA
de Almeida, A. C., Bispo, V. N., Nanes, G., Leão, A., Ramos, A. M., de Souza, G. C. R. M., Lopes, F. S., Lima, M. D. O., Rosa, S. P., Navarro, T. W. D. M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020917
CONHECIMENTO E ATITUDES DOS ESTUDANTES DO INTERNATO DE MEDICINA SOBRE VENTILAÇÃO MECÂNICA
Coelho, A. M. C., Rita, L. L. D. S., Cardoso, M. B., & Andriolo, B. N. G. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102098
de Souza, S. G. D., de Figueiredo, J. F. C., & Barroso, L. K. V. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020915
Jacovine, L. S., Crepalde, D. F., de SOUZA, L. P., & de Castro, I. F. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020918
de Avila, F. E., Paes, A. L. F. D., Motta, A. B., da Silva, A. Z., de Jesus, C. W., Moura, L. C., Pinto, N. S. N., de Barros, F. F., & Franco, A. C. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020916
TELECONSULTORIA E TELEATENDIMENTO NO SUS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Lima, J. D. C., Gazzola, L. D., Ehrat, L., da Veiga, M. C. G. O., Meira, V. B. R., & Gomes, A. P. F. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020919
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA MONITORIA DURANTE A FORMAÇÃO DO GENERALISTA: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Rodrigues, A. L. P., Rodrigues, M. B. D. A., & Czepula, A. I. D. S. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102092
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA GESTÃO DE CONFLITOS NA ÁREA DE SAÚDE: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Hofmeister, S. T., Paes, A. L. F. D., Cavalheiro, C. K., Gomar, G. G., Fangueiro, G. F., da Silva, K. M. T., Pugsley, L. C. F., Perche, M. F. D. M., Borini, N. K., Fujii, P. C. Y. S., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102091
Cerigatto, E. T., Roecker, A. L., Stuginski, C. A. S., Correia, M. M., & Rozin, L. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020913
A PESQUISA INTERDISCIPLINAR NA MEDICINA COMO PILAR FUNDAMENTAL PARA A PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE
Pereira, D., Mujahed, I. B. U., & Sprengel, S. L. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102094
Sassi, F. M., Ferreira, A. C. A., Nazário, F. A. S., da Silveira, I. H., Pereira, I. L., Davet, L. A., Savaris, G. H., Ribeiro, D. G. S., & Franco, A. C. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102096
Magalhães, F. M., Cid, B. T., da Silva, S. S. R. P., Mascarenhas, E. B., de Albuquerque, B. P., Leite, I. M. D. S. R., Machado, L. P., Moreira, J. F., Lopes, L. B. M., Nogueira, V. M. G., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102095
MEDIDAS INTERVENCIONISTAS DE REDUÇÃO DE DIFICULDADES ACADÊMICAS DE CRIANÇAS COM TDAH
Negreiros, J. V. B., Rizzo, E. P. M., Bernardes, G. R. M., dos Santos, M. E. I., Moraes, V. R. Y., & Moraes, V. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020914
DEBRIEFING: INSTRUMENTO DE APRENDIZAGEM E MELHORA CONTÍNUA NA SIMULAÇÃO REALÍSTICA
Ipólito, M. Z., Barbalho, Y. G. D. S., & Perdigão, D. D. O. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020910
EDUCAÇÃO EM SAÚDE: A AUTOESTIMA COMO TEMA PARA ADOLESCENTES EM UMA ESCOLA ESTADUAL DE CURITIBA – PR
Pereira, G. G., Kitani, K. L., Leite, L. H., Sebben, N., Scota, L. A., Ribeiro, M. F. G. C., & Muraoka, Y. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020912
TELEMEDICINA COMO PARTE DA FORMAÇÃO MÉDICA MODERNA
Maiolini, G. M., Bonafé, C. M., & Cristo, R. H. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020920
da Silva, J. M., & Dantas, L. A. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.6792102099
Review of Select Sleep Medicine Pharmacology: Treatments of Hypersomnias and Parasomnia
Johnson, K., Mansukhani, M. P., & Kolla, B. P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00163-8
Ferreira, M. D. S. D., & Juliano, I. A. (2021) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.67921020911
La gestion pharmacologique du traitement du TDAH
Parigny, L., Bioulac, S., & Carton, L. (2024) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.026
Gogne, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86588-6_11
Shirazpour, S., Taheri, F., Sepehri, G., Meymandi, M. S., Zangiabadizadeh, M., Zangiabadi, M., Hosseini, N. S., Rajizadeh, M. A., Sheikhi, S., & Sabet, N. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70925
- Authors
- Markowitz, J. S., Markowitz, J. S., DeVane, C. L., Ramamoorthy, S., Zhu, H.-J., & Zhu, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Venue
- Die Pharmazie
- Publisher
- IMR Press
- Published
- 2009-02-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-5
- ISSN
- 0031-7144 (ISSN-L)
- 3053-691X
- OpenAlex
- W56688777
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Die Pharmazie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2B receptor, psychostimulants, dopamine release, guinea pig ileum, 8-OH-DPAT, GTPgammaS binding
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Cricetulus, Female, Guinea Pigs, Cricetinae, Ileum, Male, Methylphenidate, Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate), CHO Cells, Rats, Wistar, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B, Rats, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, In Vitro Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review