Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device
Abstract
An intrauterine contraceptive device releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel daily has been studied for 15 years. The international clinical experience covers over 8000 woman years. Main characteristics of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device are its great effectiveness in preventing unplanned pregnancies and a reduction in menstrual bleeding and pain as well as a low infection rate.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The LNG-IUS releases levonorgestrel directly into the uterine cavity at a relatively constant rate of 20 μg/day over a 5-year period.
“The LNG-IUS releases levonorgestrel, a potent 19-nortesterone derivative, directly into the uterine cavity at a relatively constant rate of 20 μ g/day over a 5-year period [73].”
From Oral and depot progestin therapy for endometriosis: towards a personalized medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [73]
Cites
Long-Acting Contraceptive Delivery Systems
Zatuchni, G. I. (1985) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1965589 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Endometrial Morphology During Long-Term Use of Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Devices
Silverberg, S. G., Haukkamaa, M., Arko, H., Nilsson, C. G., & Luukkainen, T. (1986) · International Journal of Gynecological Pathology · doi:10.1097/00004347-198609000-00005 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationTISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF LEVONORGESTREL IN WOMEN USING A LEVONORGESTREL‐RELEASING IUD
Nilsson, C. G., Haukkamaa, M., Vierola, H., Luukkainen, T., & Arcangeli, P. (1982) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb01625.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationFive years' experience with levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs
Luukkainen, T., Allonen, H. O., Haukkamaa, M., et al. (1986) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90080-6 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationLuukkainen, T., Allonen, H. O., Haukkamaa, M., et al. (1987) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(87)90012-6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationNilsson, C. G., Lähteenmäki, P. L. A., & Luukkainen, T. (1984) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47540-0 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiner, E., & Johansson, E. D. B. (1976) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(76)80011-x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin : The Carrier Protein For d-Norgestrel
Victor, A., Weiner, E., & Johansson, E. D. B. (1976) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-43-1-244 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device
Bilian, X., Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Luukkainen, T., & Allonen, H. O. (1990) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(90)90035-t · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationEndometrial Morphology of Women Using A d-Norgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device
Nilsson, C. G., Luukkainen, T., & Arko, H. (1978) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)43212-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationNilsson, C. G. (1977) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(77)90001-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ortiz, M. E., & Croxatto, H. B. (1987) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(87)90060-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nilsson, C. G., Lähteenmäki, P. L. A., Robertson, D. N., & Luukkainen, T. (1980) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0930380 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Oral Contraceptives On Lactation
Borglin, N. E., & Sandholm, L. (1971) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)37984-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Levonorgestrel in milk and plasma of breast-feeding women with a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD
Heikkilä, M., Haukkamaa, M., & Luukkainen, T. (1982) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(82)90017-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHeikkilä, M., & Luukkainen, T. (1982) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(82)90051-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFertility after discontinuation of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices
Nilsson, C. G. (1982) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(82)90050-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Levonorgestrel-Releasing IUD
Luukkainen, T., Haukkamaa, M., Lähteenmäki, P., et al. (1988) · Progress in vaccinology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3746-4_5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracervical release of levonorgestrel for contraception
Kurunmäki, H., Toivonen, J., Lähteenmäki, P. L. A., et al. (1981) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/0010-7824(81)90075-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Petta, C. A., Ferriani, R. A., Abrao, M. S., Hassan, D., Rosa e Silva, J. C., Podgaec, S., & Bahamondes, L. (2005) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deh869 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Endometriosis: where are we and where are we going?
Greene, A. D., Lang, S. A., Kendziorski, J. A., Sroga-Rios, J. M., Herzog, T. J., & Burns, K. A. (2016) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-16-0052 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Tanmahasamut, P., Rattanachaiyanont, M., Angsuwathana, S., Techatraisak, K., Indhavivadhana, S., & Leerasiri, P. (2012) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e31824264c3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
An Update on Contraception in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Oguz, S. H., & Yildiz, B. O. (2021) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2021.958 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A risk-benefit assessment of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system
Sturridge, F., & Guillebaud, J. (1996) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-199615060-00006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chen, Y.-J., Hsu, T.-F., Huang, B.-S., Tsai, H.-W., Chang, Y.-H., & Wang, P.-H. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Oral and depot progestin therapy for endometriosis: towards a personalized medicine
Buggio, L., Somigliana, E., Barbara, G., Frattaruolo, M. P., & Vercellini, P. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1381086 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Lee, K. H., Jung, Y. W., Song, S. Y., Kang, B. H., Yang, J. B., Ko, Y. B., Lee, M., Han, H. Y., & Yoo, H. J. (2018) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research · doi:10.1111/jog.13703 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Engemise, S. L., Willets, J. M., Taylor, A. H., Emembolu, J. O., & Konje, J. C. (2011) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.02.013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Song, S. Y., Park, M., Lee, G. W., Lee, K. H., Chang, H. K., Kwak, S. M., & Yoo, H. J. (2018) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.10.014 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Luukkainen, T., Lähteenmäki, P., & Toivonen, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Annals of Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-90
- ISSN
- 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2060
- OpenAlex
- W2048097238
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
- Rockefeller Foundation
- Population Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Human Rights and Reproductive Law
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
- Keywords
- levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, intrauterine contraception, contraceptive effectiveness, menstrual bleeding reduction, dysmenorrhea, infection rate, unintended pregnancy prevention
- MeSH terms
- Contraceptive Agents, Female, Female, Humans, Intrauterine Devices, Medicated, Menorrhagia, Norgestrel, Levonorgestrel
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
