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Cited by 4Disaster Management and ResilienceEarthquake and Disaster Impact StudiesFlood Risk Assessment and Management

Disaster risk perception and preparedness of households in Yangon, Myanmar: Disaster experiences, socio-demographic factors and spatial variation

Open access
Zin Mar Than, Hlaing Maw Oo, Toe Aung, Tin Tin Kyi, Saw Sandar Oo, Win Lei Mar, Willkomm, Marlene, Miller, Christian +8 more·2023·ERDKUNDE
DOI 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.04
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Abstract

In disaster-prone countries, it is of great concern that societies as a whole, as well as households and individuals, should become as resilient to disasters as possible. In Myanmar, with its frequent natural hazards like floods, cyclones and droughts and its high probability of earthquakes, raising awareness of and preparedness for disasters is of eminent importance in order to increase the resilience of society, households and individuals. Disaster research shows that the awareness and perception of people regarding disasters and thus also their risk preparedness can vary substantially. This seems to stem from various sources: the socio-demographic characteristics of households and people as well as former experiences of disaster seem to play a crucial role. Information of such variables and understanding how they influence the disaster risk perception and preparedness of households and people can provide an important background against which to improve individual disaster risk awareness and preparedness – with the final aim of making society, households and individuals more resilient. In this paper, the results of a household survey carried out in eight townships of Yangon (Myanmar) are presented. The analysis investigates how socio-demographic characteristics and the previous experiences of disaster of the respondents and their households influence their disaster risk perception and preparedness in different areas of Yangon City. The results show strong differences in disaster risk perception and preparedness according to socio-demographic characteristics and previous experiences of disaster in different areas of Yangon City. Finally, the findings feed into and inform about successful disaster management.

Verified 2026-11-04 · 1 reference not checked yet

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a 2019 household survey in eight Yangon townships to assess how disaster experiences, socio-demographic factors, and spatial location shape disaster risk perception and preparedness. It finds high fear but limited knowledge and preparedness, with strong spatial variation and education, gender, migration, and past disaster experience influencing some outcomes.

Key findings

  • More than 85% of households had experienced disasters; among them, 97.1% named cyclones, 21.1% floods, and 13.7% earthquakes. About 59% were affected by Cyclone Nargis, with 34.4% reporting partial house destruction and 17.3% complete destruction.
  • Over 60% were at least afraid of floods, cyclones, and earthquakes, with fear of cyclones highest at just over 70%. Knowledge of proper risk-reduction measures was higher for floods (>60%) than cyclones (40%) or earthquakes (about 30%).
  • Preparedness was generally low: 58.9% knew the location of a fire extinguisher, 65.9% checked facilities, 47.1% knew how to use an extinguisher, and only about 30% answered yes to the other four preparedness items. Twantay was the worst-prepared township, significantly different from all other seven; in Pabedan, 50% of households were prepared with at least four items.
  • Education was the socio-demographic factor most consistently linked to preparedness, while age, household size, and home ownership showed no significant influence on preparedness variables. Gender was highly significantly related to fear (C ≈ 0.4, with women more often afraid), and migration affected some preparedness and perception items.

Methods

  • A 2019 household survey of 896 households in eight townships: Pabedan, Latha, Insein, North Okkalapa, Hlaingtharyar, Shwepyithar, Dagon Seikkan, and Twantay. About 110 questionnaires were collected per township using randomized stratified sampling; questionnaires were in Myanmar language and conducted by Yangon City Development Committee and Myanmar Environment Institute teams.
  • Disaster risk perception was measured by fear of floods, cyclones, and earthquakes on a 3-point Likert scale (1 = very afraid, 2 = afraid, 3 = not afraid) and by whether respondents believed they knew proper risk-reduction measures (0/1). Preparedness used seven dichotomous items composed into a 0–7 disaster preparedness index. Experiences were measured as general disaster experience and Cyclone Nargis impact; socio-demographic variables included gender, education, age, household size, migration in last 15 years, and accommodation ownership.
  • Data were analyzed in IBM SPSS using contingency table analysis with corrected contingency coefficients (C), plus Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests for the preparedness index, at 5% and 1% significance levels. The study explicitly uses bivariate analyses.

Limitations

  • The paper states that its bivariate approach cannot present the influence of a factor as a single entity within a multivariate interrelationship, and it notes that significant C-coefficients are often quite low, meaning relations exist but are not strong. It also states that relations can vary from area to area, so such investigations should be repeated when planned measures are introduced.
  • Evident from the text: the survey is cross-sectional and based on self-reported answers, so causal direction cannot be established. The sample covers eight selected townships rather than all of Yangon, and the preparedness index assumes all seven items contribute equally to preparedness.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.04

Cites

1 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 15 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    65.9% of respondents checked their facilities.

    “Only 58.9% knew the location of fire extinguisher and 65.9% checked their facilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Only 40% of respondents state they have the relevant knowledge for cyclones.

    “But only 40% state that they have the relevant knowledge for cyclones and even less (about 30%) for earthquakes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    More than 60% of respondents think they know proper risk reduction measures for flooding.

    “More than 60% of the respondents think that they know about the proper risk reduction measures to undertake in case of flooding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Considerably more than 60% of households are at least afraid of flooding, cyclones, and earthquakes.

    “Considerably more than 60% of households are at least afraid of flooding, cyclones and earthquakes, whereby the fear of a cyclone is highest at just over 70% (Fig. 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    58.9% of respondents knew the location of a fire extinguisher.

    “Only 58.9% knew the location of fire extinguisher and 65.9% checked their facilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 38
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Socio-demographic characteristics of households and people as well as former experiences of disaster seem to play a crucial role in disaster risk perception and preparedness.

    “This seems to stem from various sources: the socio-demographic characteristics of households and people as well as former experiences of disaster seem to play a crucial role.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites QaSiM et al. (2015)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites KellenS et al. (2011) source

      Section 2.2 says socio-demographic characteristics can shape natural-hazard risk perception, and Section 2.4 says previous hazard experiences can influence judgments of risk. These passages support the risk-perception part of the claim, but they do not establish that those factors play a crucial role in disaster preparedness. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites niKKanen et al. (2021) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of households that experienced disasters, 97.1% name cyclones, 21.1% name floods, and 13.7% name earthquakes as the disasters they experienced.

    “Of these households, 97.1% name cyclones, 21.1% name floods and 13.7% name earthquakes as the disasters they experienced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The highest values of disaster preparedness variables vary between townships within the Yangon City area, but the fringe township Twantay is always at the lower end regarding the preparedness variables.

    “For example, the highest values of disaster preparedness variables vary between townships within the Yangon City area, but the fringe township Twantay is always at the lower end regarding the preparedness variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Pabedan, 50% of households are prepared with at least four items and at least 25% name five items or more.

    “Here 50% of the households are prepared with at least four items, and five items or more are named by at least 25%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Respondents with a graduate level of education disproportionately often answer the disaster preparedness questions affirmatively, while this is disproportionately rare among people with a low educational level (monastic/primary).

    “Respondents with a graduate level of education disproportionally often answer the questions affirmatively, this is disproportionally rare among people with a low educational level (monastic/primary).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Twantay, 75% of respondents reported preparations involving at most two of the investigated items, and at least 50% of households named only one item or none at all.

    “In Twantay, 75% of the respondents indicated that they have made preparations involving a maximum of two of the items investigated and at least 50% of the households name only one item or even none at all (Fig. 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    By far the most problematic township regarding disaster preparedness of households is Twantay, although Hlaingtharyar also often has quite low values.

    “By far the most problematic township regarding disaster preparedness of the households is Twantay, although Hlaingtharyar also often has quite low values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three-quarters of those educated only up to primary-school level know only three or fewer measures, whereas three-quarters of those with graduate-level education know of three or more measures.

    “Three-quarters of those who are only educated up to primary-school level, know only three or less measures; in contrast three-quarters of those with graduate-level education know of three or more measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The migration status of respondents significantly influences feelings of being afraid of floods and cyclones, but not of earthquakes.

    “The migration status of respondents significantly influences feelings of being afraid of floods and cyclones, but not of earthquakes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Having experience of disasters enhances people's awareness of them and they are often better prepared.

    “Having experience of disasters enhances people's awareness of them and they are often better prepared.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Past experience with disasters often leads to people being more aware and better prepared, but this pattern is not always valid.

    “Past experience with disasters often leads to people being more aware and better prepared.But this pattern is not always valid.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For feeling variables, C-coefficients range between 0.3 and 0.4; for variables on knowing proper measures, C is between 0.4 and 0.5, revealing not very strong but notable differences between townships.

    “Regarding the feeling variables the C-coefficients are in the range between 0.3 and 0.4, for the variables on knowing about proper measures C is between 0.4 and 0.5 revealing not very strong, but notable differences between the townships.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    C-coefficients (except agreed meeting place) are at least >0.3 (most >0.4), underlining that differences are not very high but quite remarkable.

    “The height of the C-coefficients (except agreed meeting place) with at least > 0.3 (in most cases > 0.4) underline, that the differences are not very high, but quite remarkable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For households with experience the peak is at three and four measures and a remarkable percentage of households have more than four measures in hand.

    “On the other hand, for households with experience the peak is at three and four measures and a remarkable percentage of households have more than four measures in hand.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Households with no disaster experience predominantly know of up to four measures, with a peak at two and three, and only a few know of more than four measures.

    “The frequency diagram in Figure 7 shows that households with no experience predominantly know of up to four measures with a peak at two and three, and only a few know of more than four measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pabedan, Insein and North Okkalapa do not differ significantly from one another, but they often differ significantly from the other townships.

    “These three townships do not differ significantly from one another, but they often differ significantly from the other townships -this is in particularly pronounced for Pabedan (Tab.4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Disaster risk perception does not decrease linearly with growing distance from the centre; it is rather more specifically structured.

    “But the disaster risk perception does not decrease linearly with growing distance from the centre, it is rather more specifically structured.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Experiences with disaster in general as well as in connection to Nargis have no influence on checking facilities.

    “Experiences with disaster in general as well as in connection to Nargis have no influence on checking facilities, which is interesting because it indicates that experience of a disaster is irrelevant to attitudes linked to checking facilities, this is rather a normal activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Quite high disaster preparedness regarding fire extinguisher variables can be reported from central city townships (Pabedan, Latha), as is also the case for checking of facilities.

    “Quite high disaster preparedness regarding the fire extinguisher variables can be reported from the central city townships (Pabedan, Latha), as is also the case for checking of facilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Almost half of respondents who have migrated in the last 15 years know of only two or fewer measures, whereas only about a third of respondents without migration experience name two or fewer measures.

    “Regarding migration status, a similar difference is apparent: almost half of respondents who have migrated in the last 15 years know of only two or less measures, whereas only about a third of respondents without migration experience name two or less measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The relations between the experience variables and disaster perception exist but the experience variables do not influence very strongly, as the C-coefficients are quite low.

    “Additionally, it has to be pointed out that even if the C-coefficients are significant they are quite low, which means that the relations do exist but that the involved experience variables do not influence very strongly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For six of seven preparedness variables (except meeting place), townships differ very significantly (sig.<0.01); for meeting place, a significant difference exists (sig.<0.05).

    “Contingency table analyses revealed that for six of the seven variables (except meeting place), the townships differ very significantly (sig.<0.01), while a significant difference (sig.<0.05) exists for meeting place.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Education's coefficients with the variables of proper risk reduction measures are highly significant and not too low (C ≈ 0.3).

    “The coefficients with the variables of proper risk reduction measures are highly significant and not too low (C ≈ 0.3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Except for Dagon Seikkan, at least 25% of households in these townships are prepared with at least four items and only 25% name no more than two items.

    “Additionally (except for Dagon Seikkan), at least 25% of the households are prepared with at least four of the items and only 25% name not more than two items.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Twantay township, the disaster preparedness of households is exceptionally poor, and Twantay differs significantly from all other seven townships studied.

    “ness situation of the households in Twantay is exceptionally poor and the township is significantly different to all other seven townships (Tab.4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Low percentages of awareness and preparedness are found in townships in the urban fringe, with Twantay standing out particularly, where the vast majority of respondents state they have no knowledge of risk reduction measures and preparedness figures are lower for all items than in other townships.

    “Low percentages are found in townships in the urban fringe, where Twantay stands out particularly, as the vast majority of respondents in this township state that they have no knowledge of risk reduction measures and the figures indicating disaster preparedness are here lower for all items than in other townships.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The disaster risk perception variables for cyclones differ significantly with general disaster experience, but this is not the case for floods and earthquakes.

    “The disaster risk perception variables for cyclones differ significantly with the general disaster experience.This is not the case for floods and earthquakes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant relations can be found for age, household size or home ownership, neither for perception nor for preparedness items.

    “In contrast, no significant relations can be found for age, household size or home ownership, neither for perception nor for preparedness items.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Although quite a high proportion of respondents are afraid of a disaster, fewer respondents state that they know about proper disaster risk reduction measures.

    “Although quite a high proportion of respondents are afraid of a disaster, less respondents state that they know about proper disaster risk reduction measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Where significant relations exist, people with experience are better prepared, except for the fire extinguisher variables.

    “If significant relations exist, they reveal that people with experience are better prepared except for the fire extinguisher variables (interpretation of the residuals).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gender and migration status influence risk perception and disaster preparedness items.

    “Gender and migration status influence risk perception and disaster preparedness items.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    People who have migrated within the last 15 years disproportionately less often know of and have prepared an emergency kit, and the same is true for checking facilities.

    “If people have migrated within the last 15 years, they know of and have prepared an emergency kit disproportionally less often; the same is true for checking facilities (interpretation of the residuals).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    General disaster experiences lead to knowledge of what an emergency kit is and to preparing such a kit.

    “On the other hand, disaster experiences (in general) lead to knowledge of what an emergency kit is and the preparing of such a kit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Experiences with disasters in general or with Cyclone Nargis significantly influence the perception of disasters.

    “Experiences with disasters (in general or Cyclone Nargis) significantly influence the perception of disasters (Tab.5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Socio-demographic factors are relevant but not all of them influence; often they influence only some of the variables measuring perception and preparedness, and the influence is often not very strong.

    “Socio-demographic factors are relevant but not all of them influence.Often they influence only some of the variables measuring aspects of perception and preparedness.Additionally the influence is often not very strong.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Gender is highly significantly and quite strongly related to feelings about disasters (C ≈ 0.4), in that women feel disproportionately often afraid or very afraid.

    “Interestingly, gender is highly significantly and quite strongly related to feelings about disasters (C ≈ 0.4), in that women feel disproportionally often afraid or very afraid.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    For some socio-demographic factors no differences can be found between the categories; this is true for age, household size and home ownership.

    “For some socio-demographic factors no differences can be found between the categories.This is true for age, household size and home ownership.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisereasoning

    There is a need for further research on disaster risk perception and preparedness in Myanmar and their relation to socio-demographic characteristics as well as to past experiences.

    “Thus, there is a need for further research on disaster risk perception and preparedness in Myanmar and their relation to socio-demographic characteristics as well as to past experiences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Household/family size is an influencing factor in Fernandez et al.'s study, at least regarding cyclone and earthquake risk perception.

    “In contrast to this, household/family size is an influencing factor in Fernandez' study (fernandeZ et al. 2018), at least regarding cyclone and earthquake risk perception.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites fernandeZ et al. 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The result that people without Nargis experience know more about fire extinguishers might originate in the fact that many people who experienced Nargis are migrants living in poor conditions who cannot afford an extinguisher and are thus unfamiliar with it.

    “This surprising result might have its origin in the fact that many people who experienced Nargis are migrants living in poor conditions who cannot afford to have an extinguisher in their households and are thus unfamiliar with it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Other studies show varied results in terms of which socio-demographic factors have an influence and how much.

    “This is in line with other studies which show varied results in terms of which factors have an influence and how much.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    In a multivariate approach, the influence of a factor as a single entity cannot be presented in detail.

    “On the other hand, in such an approach, the influence of a factor as a single entity cannot be presented in detail.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each participant was asked verbally whether she/he agrees to participate, and only if the participant agreed was a questionnaire conducted.

    “Each participant was asked verbally whether she/he agrees to participate.Only if the participant agreed a questionnaire was conducted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The households in the townships were chosen according to a randomized stratified sampling.

    “The households in the townships were chosen according to a randomized stratified sampling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    Examining socio-demographic characteristics, experience of disasters and local variations and how they influence disaster risk perceptions and preparedness can help in disaster risk management by providing detailed insights as a basis for customized and targeted measures.

    “The results show that examining socio-demographic characteristics, experience of disasters, local variations and how they in various ways influence disaster risk perceptions and disaster preparedness can help in disaster risk management by providing detailed insights as a basis for customized and targeted measures to improve disaster risk preparedness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
45 of 45

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All seven preparedness items contribute equally to preparedness.

    “Assuming that all seven items contribute equally to preparedness, the result expresses the intensity of being prepared (0 = not prepared at all, …, 4 = prepared regarding four items, …, 7 = fully prepared).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The significance of the deviation from the theoretically expected value is assessed under the assumption of equal distribution.

    “The column 'sig.' shows the significance of the deviation from the theoretically expected value (under the assumption of equal distribution) regarding the answers 'not afraid' and 'knowing about proper risk reduction measures' respectively.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The disaster preparedness index can be regarded as a metric, not normally distributed variable.

    “The disaster preparedness index can be regarded as a metric, not normally distributed variable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In reality, the interrelationship between socio-demographic/experiential factors and disaster risk perception/preparedness is a multivariate one.

    “The advantage of such an approach is on the one hand that in reality the interrelationship is a multivariate one.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conclusion overlooks a significant age-risk-perception relationship

    Minor

    The conclusion says age has no significant relationship with any perception item. Earlier, the paper identifies a significant relationship between age and knowledge of earthquake risk-reduction measures, and Table 7 marks it as highly significant.

1 of 1

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. MDN (Myanmar Development Network) (2019) Urban disaster risk reduction (UDRR). Myanmar Red Cross Society, Yangon. https://www.researchgate.net/publi- cation/343333110
  2. NOAA (2023) (National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)) NCEI/WDS Global Sig- nificant earthquake database. https://doi.org/10.7289/ V5TD9V7K nyan win MyinT, KaewKungwal J, SinghaSivanOn P, ChaiSiri K, pOnpeT P, Sirivan P. MalliK AK, TheT KW (2011) Community awareness and perceptions of health sector preparedness and response to cyclone Nargis. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medical Public Health 42: 1014-1021 · DOI
  3. wang y (2014) Active tectonics and earthquake po- tential of the Myanmar region. Journal of Geo- physical Research: Solid Earth 119: 3767. https://doi. org/10.1002/2013JB010762 wang y, TappOnnier p, TOe aung, SOe Thura Tun, Saw ngwe Khaing, lin Thu aung, Sieh K (2014) Morpho- tectonics of the central Sagaing fault west of Mandalay: Trace of the 1839 Ava earthquake rupture. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2014: https://agu.confex.com/agu/ fm14/webprogram/Paper20751.html · DOI
  4. Zin Mar Than, Tin Tin Kyi, KraaS F (2020) Institutional preparedness for multiple risks in Yangon, Myanmar. Journal of the Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science XVIII, No. 5B: 61-74.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Than, Z. M., Oo, H. M., Aung, T., Kyi, T. T., Oo, S. S., Mar, W. L., Willkomm, M., Miller, C., Martini, S., Myint, Z. N., Soe, K. K., Maung, W., Heinkel, S.-B., Thiebes, B., Spohner, R., & Kraas, F.
ORCID
Venue
ERDKUNDE
Publisher
Erdkunde
Published
2023-12-28
ISSN
  • 0014-0015 (ISSN-L)
  • 2702-5985
DOI
10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.04
OpenAlex
W4390339942
Semantic Scholar
c38507fcdf510fdd0733b7b3977fd0ceaa05723d
Cited by
4
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Erdkunde (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Earthquake and Disaster Impact Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
Keywords
disaster risk perception, disaster preparedness, household resilience, sociodemographic factors, disaster experience, spatial variability, Yangon, natural hazards, disaster management, flood risk, cyclones, drought, earthquakes

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