Disaster preparedness and resilience at household level in Yangon, Myanmar

May combine two claims.

This result exceeds numbers from the Philippines and Thailand, where 50% and only 14.4% of the population stockpile food, as well as from Hong Kong, where 57.3% store food.

“This result exceeds numbers from, e.g. the Philippines and Thailand, where 50% and only 14.4% of the population stockpile food (Hoffmann and Muttarak 2017), as well as from Hong Kong, where 57.3% store food (Tam et al. 2018).”

• cites Hoffmann and Muttarak 2017 sourceCould not verify

  The passages returned from the indexed copy are bibliographic entries, not findings about food stockpiling. Searches for “14.4%,” “stockpile food,” and the Philippines and Thailand percentages found no passage verifying the two figures attributed to Hoffmann and Muttarak. The Hong Kong figure is attached to a different citation and is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Tam et al. 2018 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Social support during disasters is a further central part of local disaster resilience.

“Social support during disasters is a further central part of local disaster resilience. Social support includes daily exchange and social networks with others (Scherer and Cho 2003; Djalante et al. 2020) and the acquisition of volunteers.”

• cites Scherer and Cho 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Djalante et al. 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.2.6 says community-based disaster preparedness is crucial and that community networks can aid warnings, while social linkages may influence risk perception. This supports a role for social networks in local preparedness, but it does not describe daily exchange or establish social support as a central part of disaster resilience. The citation appears before the separate mention of acquiring volunteers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Studies have pointed out the positive impact on disaster preparedness of formal education, such as in nursery schools, schools and universities, and informal education, such as community-based methods to reduce disaster risks.

“In fact, studies have pointed out the positive impact on disaster preparedness of formal education, such as in nursery schools, schools and universities (Hoffmann and Muttarak 2017), and informal education, such as community-based methods to reduce disaster risks (Allen 2006; Maskrey 2011).”

• cites Hoffmann and Muttarak 2017 sourceCould not verify

  The searches for formal education, schooling, and disaster preparedness returned only the paper’s abstract and metadata, not a passage from its full text. Under the specified evidence rule, those results cannot establish what the paper says about formal education in nursery schools, schools, or universities. The informal-education clause is attributed to other sources and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.65)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Allen 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maskrey 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Seven per cent, mainly from Dawbon and those with high school and graduate degrees, would open the door and windows.

“Seven per cent, mainly from Dawbon and those with high school and graduate degrees, would open the door and windows, probably because, during past cyclones, people were instructed by authorities to do so.”

May combine two claims.

While answers concerning flooding seemed more directed and solution focused, behaviour during tropical cyclones and earthquakes seemed highly diverse and partly contradictive.

“While the answers to questions concerning flooding seemed to be more directed and solution focused, the behaviour during tropical cyclones and earthquakes seemed to be highly divers and partly contradictive.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Reasons for not stockpiling dry food include shortage of money (15.2%), shops being nearby (16.7%), buying food daily in daily neighbourhood markets (19.9%), seeing no need (4.5%), small and single household sizes (7.6%), less storing space (4.5%), not cooking at home (7.6%), thinking stockpiling food would be unhealthy (9.1%), fear of vermin infestation or expiring food (4.5%), and not wanting to

“Besides a shortage of money (15.2%), many of the reasons for the lack of stockpiling are based on the urban settlement characteristics: people said that shops are nearby (16.7%) and the household buys food daily in daily neighbourhood markets (19.9%). Consequently, they saw no need (4.5%) for stockpiling dry food. Also, small and single household sizes (7.6%) and less storing space (4.5%)”

May combine two claims.

Mobile phones (14.2%) and power banks/light sources (13.7%) were ranked as important belongings, while battery-driven radios (0.3%) were less often mentioned.

“Also, mobile phones (14.2%) as alternative sources of information with charged power banks and light sources (13.7%) were ranked as important belongings. Battery-driven radios (0.3%) were less often mentioned.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many people associate religion and monasteries and other religious buildings with places of safety and security.

“Furthermore, many people associate religion and monasteries and other religious buildings with places of safety and security.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other answers referred to helping (6.5%) or warning (3.0%) family, friends, and neighbours.

“Other answers referred to helping (6.5%) or warning (3.0%) family, friends, and neighbours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most of the answers came from participants in Dawbon (26-28%).

“Most of the answers came from participants in Dawbon (26–28%).”

May combine two claims.

Only 1.4% mentioned their concerns about being separated from their families in case of disasters, while people mainly expressed their concerns about health and life of their family members (36.0%).

“Only 1.4% mentioned their concerns about being separated from their families in case of disasters, while people mainly expressed their concerns about health and life of their family members (36.0%).”

May combine two claims.

Fewer people relied on newspapers (15.1%), mouth-to-mouth information (12.8%) and alarms or sirens (7.3%).

“Fewer people relied on newspapers (15.1%), mouth-to-mouth information (12.8%) and alarms or sirens (7.3%) (Fig. 3b).”

May combine two claims.

Only 9.3% of the participants, mainly those from Pazundaung and Tamwe and with higher educational degrees, would stay under furniture.

“Only 9.3% of the participants, mainly those from Pazundaung and Tamwe and with higher educational degrees, would stay under furniture.”

May combine two claims.

Fewer people in Pazundaung referred to cleaning drainage but more in Tamwe, Dawbon, and Thaketa.

“Fewer people in Pazundaung referred to this aspect but more in Tamwe, Dawbon, and Thaketa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In case of electricity supply disruptions, the households have alternative sources of lighting.

“In case of electricity supply disruptions, the households have alternative sources of lighting.”

May combine two claims.

The total median number of stored litres of drinking water per household member was 8 L, with a range of 1.0-95.0 L per person.

“The total median number of stored litres of drinking water per household member was 8 L, including a high range of 1.0–95.0 L per person.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a high motivation to volunteer as part of disaster management.

“There is a high motivation to volunteer as part of disaster management.”

May combine two claims.

A clear focus in all townships was on helping family, friends, and neighbours (19.3%) and also on cooperation with neighbours and organisations (7.5%).

“A clear focus in all townships was on helping family, friends, and neighbours (19.3%) and also on cooperation with neighbours and organisations (7.5%).”

May combine two claims.

Only 8.8% of the respondents stored dry food for 2-3 days, 19.0% had dry food for one week at home, and 12.2% for two weeks.

“Only 8.8% of the respondents stored dry food for 2–3 days, 19.0% had dry food for one week at home and 12.2% for two weeks.”

May combine two claims.

In the survey, the most frequently mentioned important belongings to carry in case of evacuation were important documents (122.9%), money and jewellery/gold/valuables (68.8%), food and water (49.7%), clothes (27.0%), and medicine (19.4%).

“Many respondents were aware of the main important belongings, such as (i) important documents (122.9%),1 (ii) money and jewellery, gold and valuables (68.8%), (iii) food and water (49.7%), (iv) clothes (27.0%), and (v) medicine (19.4%).”

May combine two claims.

The main light sources were LED lights (24.5%), battery-driven torches (11.8%), candles (10.7%), emergency lights (9.5%), chargeable lights (8.6%), solar lights (1.4%), flashlights (0.9%), generators (9.3%), or inverters (6.8%).

“The main light sources were LED lights (24.5%). Besides this source, a high variety of alternative light sources were mentioned such as battery-driven torches (11.8%), candles (10.7%) or emergency lights (9.5%), chargeable lights (8.6%), solar lights (1.4%), flashlights (0.9%), or even generators (9.3%) or inverters (6.8%).”

May combine two claims.

People see no need and no space to stockpile water and food in regular times.

“People see no need and no space to stockpile water and food in regular times.”

May combine two claims.

Only 25.9% of those who prepared medical provision had first-aid kits at home or separately noted contact numbers of doctors or health stations (25.2%).

“However, only 25.9% of those had first-aid kits at home or separately noted contact numbers of doctors or health stations (25.2%).”

May combine two claims.

In case of an earthquake, the majority of respondents would go outside to open spaces (37.1%) or move to unspecified safe places or a shelter (25.7%).

“In case of an earthquake, the majority of respondents would go outside to open spaces (37.1%) or move to unspecified safe places or a shelter (25.7%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The answers to questions about flooding were less contradictive.

“The answers to questions about flooding were less contradictive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The percentage of smart phone users in Yangon is unclear as it was not separately accessed in the survey.

“The percentage of smart phones users in Yangon is, however, unclear as it was not separately accessed in the survey.”

May combine two claims.

In case of a tropical cyclone, 34.1% of the households would move to a shelter, 25.3% would stay at home.

“In case of a tropical cyclone, 34.1% of the households would move to a shelter, 25.3% would stay at home.”

May combine two claims.

The median number of mobile phones per household was three; only two out of 440 households had no mobile phone.

“In contrast, the median number of mobile phones per household was three; only two out of 440 households had no mobile phone.”

May combine two claims.

Knowledge and behaviour during disasters differ on small scales between townships and between people with different educational backgrounds in Yangon.

“Knowledge and behaviour during disasters differ on small scales between townships and between people with different educational backgrounds in Yangon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Disaster preparedness and exchange about potential disasters is perceived as a religiously sensitive topic in Myanmar.

“Disaster preparedness and exchange about potential disasters is perceived as a religiously sensitive topic in Myanmar.”

May combine two claims.

This answer came mainly from participants in Dawbon and Thaketa and also from people with higher educational degrees (high school and graduate school).

“This answer came mainly from participants in Dawbon and Thaketa and also from people with higher educational degrees (high school and graduate school).”

May combine two claims.

Yangon's population seems to be well prepared for short- and medium-term food supply insufficiencies, as more than 70% store enough dry food, such as rice or flour, for one week or longer and alternative cooking devices exist.

“Yangon’s population seems to be well prepared for short- and medium-term food supply insufficiencies, as more than 70% store enough dry food, such as rice or flour, for one week or longer and alternative cooking devices exist.”

May combine two claims.

People wanted to cooperate with civil society organisations (62.2%), the neighbourhood (48.7%), or governmental administrative units (44.2%) for voluntary disaster prevention.

“People wanted to cooperate with civil society organisations (62.2%), the neighbourhood (48.7%), or with governmental administrative units (44.2%).”

May combine two claims.

The TV is still the main information source and would reach the majority of the Yangon population.

“The TV is still the main information source and would reach to the majority of the Yangon population.”

May combine two claims.

Answers to the open questions about behaviour in case of natural hazards were diverse and, in many cases, contradictive.

“Answers to the open questions about behaviour in case of these natural hazards were diverse and, in many cases, contradictive.”

May combine two claims.

Almost all participants in Tamwe, Dawbon, and Thaketa (90.0-91.8%) had already experienced a cyclone, while in Pazundaung 73.6% said they had experienced such an event.

“While almost all participants in the townships of Tamwe, Dawbon, and Thaketa (90.0–91.8%) had already experienced a cyclone, in Pazundaung 73.6% said they had experienced such an event.”

May combine two claims.

In Pazundaung, the average buying frequency of the drinking water barrels is a week, but people have a higher buying frequency, e.g. every two or three days, in other townships.

“In Pazundaung, the average buying frequency of the drinking water barrels is a week, but people have a higher buying frequency, e.g. every two or three days, in other townships.”

May combine two claims.

A small number of people would increase the house's resistance against cyclones (3.8%) and/or repair damages from the storm immediately (2.4%).

“A small number of people would increase the house’s resistance against cyclones (3.8%) and/or repair damages from the storm immediately (2.4%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In our study, we assessed also a tendency to this correlation.

“In our study, we assessed also a tendency to this correlation.”

May combine two claims.

The main alternative cooking sources were charcoal (42.7%) and gas (42.3%); firewood was less often mentioned (1.8%).

“The main alternative cooking sources were charcoal (42.7%) and gas (42.3%); firewood was less often mentioned (1.8%).”

May combine two claims.

There was no significant difference in stockpiling of food between townships, education, sex, or occupation, while those who stockpiled food were significantly older than those who did not (p < 0.01).

“There was no significant difference in stockpiling of food between townships, education, sex, or occupation, while those who stockpiled food were significantly older than those who did not (p < 0.01).”

May combine two claims.

Other important strategies were keeping important things for evacuation (6.1%), building water barriers and sandbags (3.7%), and construction of boats and life jackets from plastic bottles (1.9%).

“Other important strategies were ‘keeping important things for evacuation’ (6.1%), ‘building water barriers and sandbags’ (3.7%), and the ‘construction of boats and life jackets from plastic bottles’ (1.9%).”

May combine two claims.

Many people were aware that one of the human-made reasons for flooding are blocked drainages; thus 14.7% would clean or check the drainage system.

“Many people were aware that one of the human-made reasons for flooding are blocked drainages; thus 14.7% would clean or check the drainage system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a high solidarity in the civil society.

“There is a high solidarity in the civil society.”

May combine two claims.

Most people are prepared for short-term power-cuts but not for longer electric power supply disruptions.

“This means that most people are prepared for short-term power-cuts but not for longer electric power supply disruptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The 7% who would open door and windows probably did so because during past cyclones people were instructed by authorities to do so.

“Seven per cent, mainly from Dawbon and those with high school and graduate degrees, would open the door and windows, probably because, during past cyclones, people were instructed by authorities to do so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

More opportunities for and better coordination of volunteer work would strengthen civil society and ensure a better social embeddedness of those who run a risk of becoming left behind.

“More opportunities for and better coordination of volunteer work would strengthen civil society and ensure a better social embeddedness of those who run a risk of becoming left behind.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the SPHERE guideline, the minimum amount of drinking water needed per day per person is 2.5-3 L.

“According to the SPHERE guideline, the minimum amount of drinking water needed per day per person is 2.5–3 L (Sphere Association 2018).”

• cites Sphere Association 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It might not be common to have extra food at home as, especially in the densely settled areas of Yangon, living space is limited and consuming street food daily is common.

“It also might not be common to have extra food at home as, especially in the densely settled areas of Yangon, living space is limited and consuming street food daily is common.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Areas with frequent power cuts might be better prepared due to a greater flexibility to adapt to alternative forms of cooking.

“Areas with frequent power cuts might be better prepared due to a greater flexibility to adapt to alternative forms of cooking.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The YCDC recommends stockpiling water bottles and (dry) food for three days per household in order to be prepared for an eventual evacuation.

“The YCDC recommends stockpiling water bottles and (dry) food for three days per household in order to be prepared for an eventual evacuation (YCDC 2020).”

• cites YCDC 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Initiatives for increasing institutional preparedness started after cyclone Nargis in 2009.

“Initiatives for increasing institutional preparedness started after cyclone Nargis in 2009 (Zin Mar Than et al. 2020).”

• cites Zin Mar Than et al. 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Religious buildings play an important role in disaster response as safe shelters because the locations of monasteries and other religious buildings are well known in the neighbourhoods and these locations can be easily communicated.

“Religious buildings play an important role in disaster response as safe shelters because the locations of monasteries and other religious buildings are well known in the neighbourhoods and these locations can be easily communicated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the high and immediate availability of food, shops, and goods in regular times, some people see no need for extra stockpiling.

“Due to the high and immediate availability of food, shops, and goods in regular times, some people see no need for extra stockpiling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study of household resilience concerning flooding in Bangladesh has shown a positive impact of education on household resilience.

“A study of household resilience concerning flooding in Bangladesh, for instance, has shown a positive impact of education on household resilience (Mondal et al. 2021).”

• cites Mondal et al. 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

People affected by cyclone Nargis reported that they did not get proper alerts in advance and thus had been surprised by the cyclone's intensity.

“People affected by cyclone Nargis reported that they did not get proper alerts in advance and thus had been surprised by the cyclone’s intensity (Nyan Win Myint et al. 2011).”

• cites Nyan Win Myint et al. 2011Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Resilience on a household level can be improved on the level of preparedness for medical emergencies and for supply insufficiencies (water and food, energy, information, and communication), and with knowledge about behaviour and evacuation situations.

“Resilience on a household level can be improved on the level of preparedness for medical emergencies and for supply insufficiencies (water and food, energy, information, and communication), and with knowledge about behaviour and evacuation situations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The study shows that megacities, like Yangon, generally have good prerequisites for resilience during and after disasters.

“The study shows that megacities, like Yangon, generally have good prerequisites for resilience during and after disasters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Community resilience emerges from a set of networked adaptive capacities with dynamic trajectories having potential to maintain function during and adapting in the aftermath of disasters.

“Community resilience emerges from a set of networked adaptive capacities with dynamic trajectories having potential to maintain function during and adapting in the aftermath of disasters (Norris et al. 2008).”

• cites Norris et al. 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Alternative cooking devices without electricity are still present in Yangon and in use, as in many developing countries.

“Alternative cooking devices without electricity are still present in Yangon (Zin Nwe Myint 2006) and in use, as in many developing countries.”

• cites Zin Nwe Myint 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In total, 440 households were selected through a stratified sampling method, with township and ward administrative levels as strata, yielding 110 interviews per township and 11 interviews per randomly selected ward.

“In total, 440 households were selected through a stratified sampling method. Township and ward administrative levels served as strata, and thus 110 interviews per township and, more detailed, 11 interviews per randomly selected ward were collected.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Smart phones could be used as alternatives to TV and radios when communicating with the general public during disasters.

“Smart phones could, thus, be used as alternatives to TV and radios when communicating with the general public during disasters.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: A high proportion of Yangon respondents have smart phones and can access social media and apps.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The difference in buying frequency of drinking water barrels between Pazundaung and other townships is probably related to the greater number of well-educated and employed inhabitants in Pazundaung, who can afford to stockpile due to better income and potentially have more storage space.

“This difference is probably related to the greater number of well-educated and employed inhabitants in Pazundaung, who can afford to stockpile due to better income and potentially have more storage space.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Dawbon and Thaketa have comparable, large riverbank areas and are impacted by high tide flooding from time to time.

“Those two townships have comparable, large riverbank areas and are impacted by high tide flooding from time to time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Our findings from Yangon emphasize the general importance of contextualizing disaster impacts and improving the institutional and private disaster responses.

“Our findings from Yangon emphasize the general importance of contextualizing disaster impacts and improving the institutional and private disaster responses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Townships where more experience with disasters was reported, such as Dawbon, might have a better routine in coping by more frequently experiencing and responding to disasters.

“Townships where more experience with disasters was reported, such as Dawbon, might have a better routine in coping by more frequently experiencing and responding to disasters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Due to the lack of normal distribution, nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis-test and Mann-Whitney-test) were conducted and the Spearman range-correlated coefficient was used for the statistical analysis.

“Due to the lack of normal distribution, nonparametric tests, such as the Kruskal–Wallis-test and the Mann–Whitney-test, were conducted and the Spearman range-correlated coefficient was used for the statistical analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The mentioned coping strategies are not always the most effective or life-saving measures as they more intuitively developed out of a disastrous situation.

“However, the mentioned coping strategies are not always the most effective or life-saving measures as they more intuitively developed out of a disastrous situation.”

May combine two claims.

For evacuation situations, all mentioned belongings were important, which indicates a certain level of resilience in the general public.

“For evacuation situations, all mentioned belongings were important, which indicates a certain level of resilience in the general public.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a lack of knowledge on natural hazards and important preparedness measurements for staying capable of acting during and after disasters as well as keeping an acceptable level of stability and prospects for sustainable developments.

“However, there is a lack of knowledge on natural hazards and important preparedness measurements for staying capable of acting during and after disasters as well as keeping an acceptable level of stability and prospects for sustainable developments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

They can be used as a basis for future research in other natural disaster-prone regions and (mega) cities, which could lead towards developing a more generalized framework for improving disaster resilience and preparedness.

“They can be used as a basis for future research in other natural disaster-prone regions and (mega) cities, which could lead towards developing a more generalized framework for improving disaster resilience and preparedness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies have shown that experience of disasters increases the chances of better preparedness.

“Several studies have also shown that experience of disasters increases the chances of better preparedness (Guo and Li 2016; Roder et al. 2016; Deng et al. 2017; Hoffmann and Muttarak 2017).”

• cites Guo and Li 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Roder et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Deng et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Potentials and opportunities for volunteer work in different stages of disasters exist; however, they need to be better coordinated and promoted.

“Potentials and opportunities for volunteer work in different stages of disasters exist; however, they need to be better coordinated and promoted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Younger people might not know or remember if their households had experienced specific extreme events, posing a response bias.

“Younger people might not know or remember if their households had experienced specific extreme events, posing a response bias here.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This study can provide qualitative results and lacks clear quantifications of urban resilience.

“This study, however, can also provide qualitative results and lacks clear quantifications of urban resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the USA, in case of emergency only 25% would go for TV for information and 60% would visit specific websites.

“In comparison to that, in the USA, for instance, in case of emergency only 25% would go for TV for information and 60% would visit specific websites (Kapucu 2008).”

• cites Kapucu 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Community-based resilience can be improved through experience and correct behaviour.

“Community-based resilience can be improved through experience and correct behaviour.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More offers in voluntary civil engagements in risk preparedness could improve disaster response systems, strengthen the social fabric of the civil society, and counteract the increasing anonymity in urban contexts.

“More offers in voluntary civil engagements in risk preparedness could, firstly, improve disaster response systems, secondly, strengthen the social fabric of the civil society, and thirdly, counteract the increasing anonymity in urban contexts.”

May combine two claims.

The answers suggest that family members stay together and do not lose each other during an evacuation.

“The answers suggest that family members stay together and do not lose each other during an evacuation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Comprehensive education of the urban population on specific natural hazards and on household preparedness, such as first-aid techniques could boost the anticipating, preventing and adapting capacities and thus contribute tremendously to strengthening the resilience in urban areas.

“Comprehensive education of the urban population on specific natural hazards and on household preparedness, such as first-aid techniques could boost the anticipating, preventing and adapting capacities and thus contribute tremendously to strengthening the resilience in urban areas.”

May combine two claims.

In general, Yangon's civil society can cover the first 72 h in disastrous events since its stockpiling behaviour concerning water and food is in accordance with the recommendations of YCDC and the SPHERE project.

“In general, Yangon’s civil society can cover the first 72 h in disastrous events since its stockpiling behaviour concerning water and food is in accordance with the recommendations of YCDC and the SPHERE project (Sphere Association 2018; YCDC 2020).”

• cites Sphere Association 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites YCDC 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.