The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest
Open accessAbstract
Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water, by G
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Claims the paper makes
18 No full text of the sources · 16 No basis given · 14 Own interpretation · 11 Sources not found · 11 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This latter SMOW has been analyzed in many laboratories, and the oxygen isotope composition has been found by many investigators to be identical to the originally defined SMOW within the limits of analytical uncertainty (±0.05°/oo)-”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, several recent determinations of this factor indicate that the factor is probably larger than 1.0407 (table 2).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SO18 value of NBS-28 reported to the authors from several laboratories indicate a range between 9.5 and 9.9.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent determinations indicate that the latter value is closer to-28.10 (Mook, 1971;Letolle, 1971;F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973;J. D. Gleason and I. Friedman, unpub. data, 1973).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mook, 1971 source
- Not matchedcites Letolle, 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites F. C. Tan, unpub. data, 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the results of deuterium analyses of the four I.A.E.A. standard waters were compared several years ago, significant discrepancies in 8 D were apparent.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“NOTE.The average of all the published analyses, excepting the value of 1.0424 (Staschewski, 1964), is 1.0412.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Staschewski, 1964
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the acid fractionation factor of 1.01109 is used for dolomite, this value becomes +2.3.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The constant dolomite-calcite fractionation of +3.1 in the temperature range 25° to 79°C is calculated from data on synthesized protodolomites, using the acid fractionation factor of 1.01025 for both carbonates.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The plagioclase-magnetite curves formulated by Anderson, Clayton, and Mayeda (1971) are virtually identical to those shown in the figure.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anderson, Clayton, and Mayeda (1971)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The correct statement should have been that the SO 18 value of the CO 2 produced by reaction of 100 percent H 3 PO4 with PDB calcite at 25°C is +0.22 per mil relative to CO2 equilibrated at 25°C with SMOW water.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Craig (1961)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, merely subtracting S values will be an excellent approximation to the per mil fractionation and identical to it within the limits of analytical error for values of both A 's and 6 's, which are less than about 10.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > 3. 103 lna AND THE A VALUE
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent measurements by Coplen and Clayton (1973) on a high-resolution mass spectrometer (Hs”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The I.A.E.A. sample of water called SMOW has been analyzed in several laboratories and is not identical in D/H ratio to the defined SMOW.Coplen and Clayton (1973), for example, report a 8D value of -1.2.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Coplen and Clayton (1973) source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Friedman has recently measured the hydrogen isotope compositions of 4 separate samples of NBS-1 that he received over the past 20 years and found differences in 8D as high as 8°/oo.Therefore some of the interlaboratory differences observed may depend on the batch of NBS-1 standard utilized.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
hedgedconditionaln = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To relate 8 O 18 values of calcite on the PDB and SMOW scales, the following expressions are used: 8 sMow=1 -030868 PDB + 30.86, and 8 PDB=0.970068SMOW-29.94.These relationships are based on the following fractionation factors at 25°C: 1.0412 for CO2-H2O, 1.01025 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from calcite and, 1.00022 for H 3PO4-liberated CO2 from PDB-CO2 in equilibrium with SMOW.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is some indication that random and significant variations in 5O18 exist between different samplings of the main storage vessels of the NBS water standards.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NOTE.Sodium and potassium feldspar have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Potassium feldspar has isotopic properties identical to albite within the limits of analytical error.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The crossover point (10s Ina = 0) occurs at 130°C, and there is a reversal at 425°C 10s In a--48).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additional data on these systems by O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976) are not shown but are in agreement with those of Sofer and Gat (1972) and of Taube (1954).”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Neil and Truesdell (written commun., 1976)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sofer and Gat (1972)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Taube (1954) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note the crossover point at 192°C.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NOTE.Muscovite and paragonite have identical isotopic properties within the limits of analytical uncertainty.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the oxygen isotope analysis of carbonates, identical physical and chemical conditions must be operative during preparation of standard and sample so that systematic errors will cancel.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > OXYGEN
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Equilibrium fractionation factors that measure the distribution of a rare stable isotope between two species have been determined directly by laboratory experiments and also by calculations using the methods of statistical thermodynamics.They have also been inferred from regularities in the stable isotope ratios of natural materials.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Urey (1947) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 8 values given by Craig (1957) for these standards are -1.06 and -27.79, respectively.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craig (1957) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The H3 + contribution to the mass 3 beam cannot be determined precisely.Consequently, when this contribution is large ( > 10 percent), the correction may result in incorrect 8 values.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > HYDROGEN
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As geothermometers, stable isotope fractionation factors continue to show considerable promise for a variety of geologic environments.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is encouraging that the two curves are so similar and that the slope for this important system is fairly certain.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve should show a reversal of slope at low temperature similar to that shown by the magnetite-water system.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 48
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is enough consistency in the natural data to warrant future investigations aimed at reconciling some of the discrepancies in the experimental data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some of the discrepancies among the experimental curves are undoubtedly the result of nonequilibrium or kinetic isotope effects, which can often be difficult to recognize.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve is based on measurements at only two temperatures, 350° and 400°C.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sulfur hexafluoride has some advantages over sulfur dioxide for sulfur isotopic analysis.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > SULFUR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This curve is a least-squares fit to the authors' data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURE 26
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Temperatures can be read to ±0.5°C on some curves and to ±5°C on others.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expressions are independent of the standard used.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > FIGURES 2-49 FIGURE 2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The calculated fractionation factors for gaseous systems are among the most reliable factors presented here.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Except for the feldspars and micas (O'Neil and Taylor, 1967Taylor, , 1969)), rutile (Addy and Garlick, 1974), and magnetite (Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975) the factor 1.0407 was used in the determination of the isotopic compositions of the waters used in all the experiments.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O'Neil and Taylor, 1967
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addy and Garlick, 1974 source
- Not matchedcites Bertenrath and Friedrichsen, 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quartz-magnetite pair is potentially the most useful, and certainly the most sensitive, pair for oxygen isotope thermometry”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The curves proposed by Bottinga andJavoy (1973, 1974) are presented, inasmuch as they are self-consistent and take into account much of the experimental work and theoretical considerations.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bottinga and Javoy (1973, 1974)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is an extrapolation of their lower temperature data.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presenting all these data together uncritically calls attention to the problem areas that require resolution.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Solenhofen Limestone standard is actually too fine grained to be a good and lasting standard.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > CARBON
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from reading the details given in the original references that some systems have been examined more thoroughly than others.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“NOTE.8 W is incorrectly defined in the original paper.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > T E M P E R A T U R E , IN DE GRE E S CELSI US, FOR 8O 18
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Longinelli and Nutti (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fractionations (103lna) can normally be read to ±0.2 per mil.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mass spectrometric corrections for sulfur dioxide are large”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > SULFUR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The curves have been extrapolated beyond the temperature ranges investigated and even beyond the range of stability of some minerals.This was done to provide rough estimates when no other information is available.”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION CURVES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stable isotope relations are somewhat obscured by experimental difficulties and nonequilbrium effects”
§ DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION > Remarks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The fractionation at 25°C is 40.37 for the CO2-H2O system.
“The data have been plotted assuming that the fractionation at 25°C is 40.37.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For purposes of geothermometry, Δ_quartz-illmenite = 0.95 Δ_quartz-magnetite.
“Based on natural data, it is commonly assumed for purposes of geothermometry that Aquam-illimenite = 0.95 Aquartz.magnetite .”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the paleotempertaure under which the calcite have precipitated is interpreted to have occurred between approximately 13˚C to ±33˚C (from analyzed samples; see calculation above).”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This pattern is consistent with temperature-dependent δ 18 O depletion on carbonate minerals at elevated temperatures [103-105].”
From Clumped Isotope Reordering and Kinetic Differences in Co-Hosted Calcite and Dolomite Minerals throughout Burial Diagenesis and Exhumation (2023) · cites this paper as [104]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, paleotemperature of precipitation of calcite during the Lower Triassic Period in the study area is ~32˚C.”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The anoxic condition generate high alkalinity, which increases the total dissolved carbon that causes calcite to precipitate from pore-water, thereby biased towards light δ 13 C PDB values during early diagenesis [35].”
From Isotopes (13C and 18O) Geochemistry of Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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Carbonate-Hosted Nonsulfide Pb-Zn Deposits of the Quesnel Lake District, British Columbia, Canada
Paradis, S. J., Simandl, G. J., Keevil, H. A., et al. (2016) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/econgeo.111.1.179 · Cited by 10
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Брусницын, А. И., Kuleshov, V. N., Ахматович, С. С., Perova, E. N., & Верещагин, О. С. (2020) · Lithology and Mineral Resources · doi:10.1134/s0024490220060024 · Cited by 11
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Temperate shelf carbonates reflect mixing of distinct water masses, eastern Tasmania, Australia
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Abercrombie, H. J. (1991) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/0883-2927(91)90049-u · Cited by 10
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Kulongoski, J. T., & Belitz, K. (2007) · Data series · doi:10.3133/ds258 · Cited by 10
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DeSantis, L. R. G., Feranec, R. S., Southon, J. R., Cerling, T. E., Harris, J., Binder, W. J., Cohen, J. E., Farrell, A. B., Lindsey, E., Meachen, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.1031383 · Cited by 9
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SIMS oxygen isotopes indicate Phanerozoic fluids permeated a Precambrian gold deposit
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Comparison of Isotopic Records in Abiogenic and Biogenic Calcite from Lake Turkana, Kenya
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Humphrey, E., Gómez-Rivas, E., Martín‐Martín, J. D., et al. (2021) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.12647 · Cited by 9
“The conversion of oxygen values from VPDB to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) was carried out using the equation by Friedman and O’Neil (1977).”
MethodInfluentialNicot, J., Darvari, R., Smye, K. M., et al. (2023) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105585 · Cited by 9
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Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in the Maastrichtian of the Basque Country, N. Spain
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On the homogeneity of fluids forming bedding‐parallel veins
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“The equation needs to be corrected for a conventional CO2–calcite acid fractionation factor of 1.01025 (cf., Friedman and O’Neil 1977) as the authors applied a non-typical factor of 1.01050 (cf., Kim and O’Neil 1997): 1000lnacalcite water ¼ 18:03 103=T 32:17 ð2Þ where acalcite–water is the oxygen…”
MethodInfluentialNicastro, A., Surge, D. M., Godino, I. B. I., Álvarez, M., Schöne, B. R., & Bas, M. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109526 · Cited by 9
Blasco, M., Auqué, L. F., Serrano, M. J. G., Asta, M. P., & Collado, J. M. A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00531-020-01834-8 · Cited by 9
“It has been corrected for the conventional CO2–calcite acid fractionation factor of 1.01025 (Friedman and O’Neil 1977) and • Coplen (2007) proposed the equation from vein calcite samples from Devils Hole (Nevada, USA).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFitros, M., Tombros, S. F., Kokkalas, S., et al. (2020) · Lithos · doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105638 · Cited by 9
Irie, T., & Suzuki, A. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.044 · Cited by 8
Yurchenko, A. Y., Voropaev, A., Kozlova, E. V., Morozov, N. V., & Spasennykh, M. Y. (2021) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences11070264 · Cited by 9
Kareem, K. H., Al‐Aasm, I. S., & Mansurbeg, H. (2021) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105337 · Cited by 10
“Too low” δ18O of paleo-meteoric, low latitude, water; do paleo-tropical cyclones explain it?
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Differences in oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios between hatchery and wild pink salmon fry
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“04120) between CO2 and H2O at 25 C was adopted [16].”
Geology and geochemistry of jasperoids from the Gold Bar district, Nevada
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DIAGENETIC HISTORY OF LATE PALAEOCENE POTENTIAL CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS, KOPET‐DAGH BASIN, NE IRAN
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“For this calculation, we used the equation proposed by Friedman and O’Neil (1977): δ18OD- δ18OW = (3.2 x 106 T-2)-1.5 where δ18OD is the oxygen isotope ratio of dolomite, δ18OW is the oxygen isotope ratio of water, and T is temperature (°K).”
MethodInfluentialSCANDIUM-RARE EARTH-YTTRIUM-NIOBIUM ORES—A NEW ECONOMIC RESOURCE
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Paleoecology of Miocene crocodylians in Florida: Insights from stable isotope analysis
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“The δ18OSMOW values were calculated using the equation δ18OSMOW = 1.03086 (δ 13CPDB + 30.86; Friedman & O'Neil, 1977a, 1977b), and the δ18OH2O values were calculated using the calcite‐ water fractionation equation (1000lnα = 2.78 × 106 × T−2 − 2.89; O'Neil et al. 1969) and the average…”
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Paleomagnetism and paleotemperature of a stalagmite.
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Age progressive volcanism in the Comores Archipelago and Northern Madagascar
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Isotopes—Terminology, Definitions and Properties
Werner, R. A., & Cormier, M. (2022) · Tree physiology/Tree physiology (Dordrecht) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_8 · Cited by 11
Li, Z., Xi, K., Niu, X., Wang, X., Ma, W., Hui, X., Liu, J., Fan, C., Lin, M., Liu, K., et al. (2024) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107276 · Cited by 8
Zheng, J., Dai, S., Nechaev, V. P., et al. (2025) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106430 · Cited by 8
Alexandre, P., Heine, T., Fayek, M., et al. (2019) · The Canadian Mineralogist · doi:10.3749/canmin.1900034 · Cited by 8
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Li, Q., Azmy, K., Yang, S., Chen, H., Xu, S., Lin, L., Su, Z., Chen, A., Yu, Y., & Sun, F. (2021) · Carbonates and Evaporites · doi:10.1007/s13146-021-00743-4 · Cited by 8
Anderson, L., Skipp, G. L., Strickland, L. E., Honke, J. S., Havens, J. C., & VanSistine, D. P. (2022) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2022.42 · Cited by 8
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Upwellings mitigated Plio-Pleistocene heat stress for reef corals on the Florida platform (USA)
Brachert, T. C., Reuter, M., Krüger, S., et al. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-1469-2016 · Cited by 8
“SMOW to PDB conversions were made according to the relationships given by Friedman and O’Neil (1977).”
MethodNelson, C. S., Campbell, K. A., Nyman, S. L., Greinert, J., Francis, D. A., & Hood, S. D. (2019) · New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics · doi:10.1080/00288306.2018.1561474 · Cited by 8
Hong, W. L., Zhang, Z., Baker, M. J., Jiang, Z., & Duan, S. (2020) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103478 · Cited by 8
Jia, Y., Cao, Y., Wang, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108866 · Cited by 8
Fheed, A., Świerczewska, A., Strzelecki, P. J., et al. (2021) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105442 · Cited by 8
Liu, Y., He, L., Yang, K.-G., et al. (2022) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105192 · Cited by 8
Deep marine diagenesis, offshore Hawaii and Enewetak, with implications for older carbonates
Saller, A., & Winterbottom, C. (2022) · The Depositional Record · doi:10.1002/dep2.216 · Cited by 8
Zhang, Z., Xi, K., Xin, H., et al. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15249544 · Cited by 8
Wang, S., Liu, K., Wang, J., Li, Y., Li, Z., Yang, H., & Mo, T. (2023) · Journal of Structural Geology · doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2023.104895 · Cited by 8
Light Stable Isotopes in Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Ore Systems
Huston, D. L., LaFlamme, C. K., Beaudoin, G., & Piercey, S. J. (2023) · Mineral resource reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_9 · Cited by 9
Kuleshov, V. N., & Седаева, К. М. (2009) · Lithology and Mineral Resources · doi:10.1134/s0024490209050058 · Cited by 8
Yapp, C. J. (2003) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01288-7 · Cited by 8
Jasionowski, M., Peryt, T. M., & Durakiewicz, T. (2014) · Geological Quarterly · doi:10.7306/gq.1194 · Cited by 10
Shikazono, N. (1989) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(89)90093-4 · Cited by 8
Experimental determination of a Viviparus contectus thermometry equation
Bugler, M. J., Grimes, S. T., Leng, M. J., et al. (2009) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.4203 · Cited by 8
Pollitt, D. A., Anthonissen, E. D., Saller, A. H., et al. (2012) · Terra Nova · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2012.01087.x · Cited by 8
Stable isotope compositions of the Penninic ophiolites of the Kõszeg-Rechnitz series
Demény, A., Vennemann, T. W., & Koller, F. (2007) · Central European Geology · doi:10.1556/ceugeol.50.2007.1.3 · Cited by 8
The ljubija geothermal field: A herald of the pangea break-up (NW Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Palinkaš, L., Šoštarić, S., Palinkaš, S. S., Prochaska, W., Pécskay, Z., Neubauer, F., & Spangenberg, J. (2016) · Geologia Croatica · doi:10.4154/gc.2016.02 · Cited by 9
Farooq, U., Caetano, H., & Radwan, E. S. (2017) · SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.2118/186035-ms · Cited by 10
Moghaddam, M. J., Karimpour, M. H., Nasrabadi, K. E., et al. (2018) · Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition · doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13596 · Cited by 8
Yang, X., Zhang, Z., Santosh, M., et al. (2018) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.10.005 · Cited by 8
Makhloufi, Y., & Samankassou, E. (2019) · Swiss Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s00015-019-00350-5 · Cited by 9
“Based on the equation from Friedman and O’Neil (1977), modified by Land (1985), d18Owater and d 18Odolomite (Suzuki et al. 2006; Yamamoto et al. 2018), the following formula is used: d18Owater ¼ d18Odolomite 2:78ð106T 2Þ 0:91 where oxygen isotopic values are in VSMOW and temperature in kelvins.”
MethodResultInfluentialAbu-Jaber, N. S., Rambeau, C. M. C., Hamarneh, C., Lücke, B., Inglis, R., & Alqudah, M. (2020) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.009 · Cited by 8
Li, Y., Zhang, C., Duo, J., et al. (2021) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104487 · Cited by 8
Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis of Bison Dentition
Larson, R. M., Todd, L. C., Kelly, E. F., & Welker, J. M. (2001) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 8
Proboscidea from the Big Cypress Creek fauna, Deweyville Formation, Harris County, Texas
Lundelius, E. L., Thies, K. J., Graham, R. W., et al. (2019) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.018 · Cited by 8
Cavazza, W., & Dahl, J. (1990) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/0037-0738(90)90099-f · Cited by 8
A note on hydrogen isotope fractionation involving acidic and basic solutions
Deines, P. (1979) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90151-0 · Cited by 8
Kreitler, C. W., Akhter, M. S., & Donnelly, A. C. A. (1990) · Environmental Geology · doi:10.1007/bf01890375 · Cited by 8
Lowry, D. C., Boyce, A. J., Fallick, A. E., et al. (1994) · Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh · doi:10.1017/s0263593300003618 · Cited by 8
Experimental Geochemical Studies Relevant to Carbon Sequestration
Blencoe, J. G. (2001) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 8
Patapedia: an Appalachian calc-silicate-hosted copper prospect of porphyry affinity
Williams‐Jones, A. E. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1139/e82-036 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, I., & O'Neil, J. R.
- Venue
- Professional Paper
- Publisher
- US Geological Survey
- Published
- 1977
- ISSN
- 1044-9612 (ISSN-L)
- 2330-7102
- OpenAlex
- W1547907389
- Cited by
- 2,691
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 84
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- USGS professional paper (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- stable isotope fractionation, fractionation factor, isotope geochemistry, mass-dependent fractionation, mass-independent fractionation
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