How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law

Alarie, Benjamin; Niblett, Anthony; Yoon, Albert H

doi:10.3138/utlj.2017-0052

Cited by 207Artificial Intelligence in LawLegal Education and Practice InnovationsDigitalization, Law, and Regulation

How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law

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Alarie, Benjamin, Niblett, Anthony, Yoon, Albert H·2018·University of Toronto Law Journal

DOI 10.3138/utlj.2017-0052

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence is exerting an influence on all professions and industries. We have autonomous vehicles, instantaneous translation among the world’s leading languages, and search engines that rapidly locate information anywhere on the web in a way that is tailored to a user’s interests and past search history. Law is not immune from disruption by new technology. Software tools are beginning to affect various aspects of lawyers’ work, including those tasks that historically relied upon expert human judgment, such as predicting court outcomes. These new software tools present new challenges and new opportunities. In the short run, we can expect greater legal transparency, more efficient dispute resolution, improved access to justice, and new challenges to the traditional organization of private law firms delivering legal services on a billable hour basis through a leveraged partner-associate model. With new technology, lawyers will be empowered to work more efficiently, deepen and broaden their areas of expertise, and provide more value to clients. These developments will predictably transform both how lawyers do legal work and resolve disputes on behalf of their clients. In the longer term, it is difficult to predict what the impact of artificially intelligent tools will be, as lawyers incorporate them into their practice and expand their range of services on behalf of clients.

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Alarie, Niblett and Yoon (2018) show that AI is already reshaping the organisation and delivery of legal services.
“Alarie, Niblett and Yoon (2018) show that AI is already reshaping the organisation and delivery of legal services”
From From Human Oversight to Cognitive Sovereignty: A Process-Based Governance Standard for AI-Assisted Legal Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Alarie, Niblett and Yoon (2018)
AI tools are likely to affect legal research, prediction, drafting, billing models and access to justice, thereby changing the ordinary infrastructure of legal service delivery.
“AI tools are likely to affect legal research, prediction, drafting, billing models and access to justice, thereby changing the ordinary infrastructure of legal service delivery (Alarie et al., 2018).”
From From Human Oversight to Cognitive Sovereignty: A Process-Based Governance Standard for AI-Assisted Legal Reasoning (2026) · cites this paper as Alarie et al., 2018
Human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of routine aspects of the job.
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014;Brooks et al. 2020;Alarie et al. 2018;Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
From Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences (2024) · cites this paper as Alarie et al. 2018

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Authors: Alarie, B., Niblett, A., & Yoon, A. H.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Alarie, Benjamin
ORCID: Alarie, Benjamin
Yoon, Albert H
Venue: University of Toronto Law Journal
Publisher: University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
Published: 2018-01
Volume: 68
Issue: supplement 1
Pages: 106-124
ISSN: 0042-0220 (ISSN-L)
1710-1174
DOI: 10.3138/utlj.2017-0052
OpenAlex: W2767613032
Cited by: 207
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 53.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: University of Toronto Law Journal (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Artificial Intelligence in Law
Social Sciences › Law › Legal Education and Practice Innovations
Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal practice, legal profession, legal software, dispute resolution, access to justice, legal transparency, law firms, billable hours, attorney-client relationship, technological disruption

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