Cited by 118Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

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Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets

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Bayat, A.R., Kairenius, P., Stefański, T., Leskinen, H., Comtet-Marre, S., Forano, E., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Shingfield, K.J.·2015·Journal of Dairy Science

DOI 10.3168/jds.2014-7976

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Abstract

The potential of dietary supplements of 2 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or camelina oil to lower ruminal methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the associated effects on animal performance, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial populations, nutrient metabolism, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined. Four Finnish Ayrshire cows (53±7 d in milk) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4×4 Latin square with four 42-d periods. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (control treatment) with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio [on a dry matter (DM) basis] containing grass silage, the same basal total mixed ration supplemented with 1 of 2 live yeasts, A or B, administered directly in the rumen at 10(10) cfu/d (treatments A and B), or supplements of 60g of camelina oil/kg of diet DM that replaced concentrate ingredients in the basal total mixed ration (treatment CO). Relative to the control, treatments A and B had no effects on DM intake, rumen fermentation, ruminal gas production, or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. In contrast, treatment CO lowered DM intake and ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, responses associated with numerical nonsignificant decreases in total-tract organic matter digestibility, but no alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics or changes in the total numbers of rumen bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and fungi. Compared with the control, treatment CO decreased the yields of milk, milk fat, lactose, and protein. Relative to treatment B, treatment CO improved nitrogen utilization due to a lower crude protein intake. Treatment A had no influence on milk FA composition, whereas treatment B increased cis-9 10:1 and decreased 11-cyclohexyl 11:0 and 24:0 concentrations. Treatment CO decreased milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and total saturated FA, and increased 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3n-3, and trans FA concentrations. Decreases in ruminal CH4 production to treatment CO were related, at least in part to lowered DM intake, whereas treatments had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield). Results indicated that live yeasts A and B had no influence on animal performance, ruminal gas production, rumen fermentation, or nutrient utilization in cows fed grass silage-based diets. Dietary supplements of camelina oil decreased ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, but also lowered the yields of milk and milk constituents due to an adverse effect on intake.

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Samsonstuen, S., Åby, B. A., Crosson, P., Beauchemin, K. A., & Aass, L. (2020) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064702.2020.1806349 · Cited by 16
“…various phyto-compounds (essential oils, oregano, garlic, green tea extract, condensed and hydrolysable tannins), microbials (live yeast, bacterial direct-fed probiotics), ionophores, dietary lipids, and chemical inhibitors (Hristov et al., 2013; Bayat et al., 2015, 2017; Kolling et al., 2018).”
Background
A live yeast supplementation to gestating ewes improves bioactive molecule composition in colostrum with no impact on its bacterial composition and beneficially affects immune status of the offspring
Dunière, L., Renaud, J. B., Steele, M. A., Achard, C. S., Forano, É., & Chaucheyras‐Durand, F. (2022) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2022.3 · Cited by 15
“The total bacteria population was quantified using the qPCR method, with a specific primer set and PCR conditions targeting a ribosomal RNA gene according to Bayat et al.((39)).”
Method
Understanding potential opportunities and risks associated with feeding supplemental rumen available fats to mitigate enteric methane emissions in lactating dairy cows
de Ondarza, M. B., de Souza, V. C., Kebreab, E., & Tricárico, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-24528 · Cited by 14
“…supplemental EE (%DM) multiplied by rumen fat accessibility (%EE; Esposito et al., 2020), FA content (%EE) and FA type (% FA) based on several published sources (Bayat et al., 2015; Beauchemin et al., 2009; Hollmann et al., 2012; Hristov et al., 2011; Moallem, 2018; Van Amburgh et al., 2015).”
Background
Performance and milk composition of Holstein cows fed with dried malt bagasse and selenium-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Faccenda, A., Zambom, M. A., de Ávila, A. S., Schneider, C. R., Werle, C. H., Anschau, F. A., Almeida, A. R. E., Lange, M. J., & dos Santos, G. T. (2020) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104081 · Cited by 14
Yeast Products Mediated Ruminal Subenvironmental Microbiota, and Abnormal Metabolites and Digestive Enzymes Regulated Rumen Fermentation Function in Sheep
Su, M., Wang, H. H., Shi, H., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, T., & Ma, Y. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12223221 · Cited by 19
Assessing the Optimum Level of Supplementation with Camelina Seeds in Ewes’ Diets to Improve Milk Quality
Christodoulou, C., Mavrommatis, A., Mitsiopoulou, C., Symeon, G. K., Dotas, V., Sotirakoglou, Κ., Kotsampasi, B., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10092076 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, supplementing 60 g of Camelina oil/kg of DM in dairy cows’ increased C18:2, ALA, CLA, total C20:0 and C22:0, PUFA, and total trans- FA proportions [26].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Effects of Fermented Cassava Pulp with Yeast Waste and Different Roughage-to-Concentrate Ratios on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, and Milk Production in Lactating Cows
Dagaew, G., Wongtangtintharn, S., Prachumchai, R., & Cherdthong, A. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14585 · Cited by 13
Systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotic use on inflammatory biomarkers and disease prevention in cattle
Barreto, M. O., Soust, M., Moore, R. J., Olchowy, T. W. J., & Alawneh, J. I. (2021) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105433 · Cited by 14
Addition of Active Dry Yeast Could Enhance Feed Intake and Rumen Bacterial Population While Reducing Protozoa and Methanogen Population in Beef Cattle
Phesatcha, K., Chunwijitra, K., Phesatcha, B., Wanapat, M., & Cherdthong, A. (2021) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation7030172 · Cited by 17
“[36] determined that yeast did not influence CH4 emissions.”
Background
Effect of Metabolizable Protein Supply on Milk Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, Apparent Total-Tract Digestibility, Energy and Nitrogen Utilization, and Enteric Methane Production of Ayrshire and Holstein Cows
Benchaar, C., Hassanat, F., Beauchemin, K. A., Ouellet, D. R., Lapierre, H., & Côrtes, C. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13050832 · Cited by 12
“To our knowledge, studies on enteric CH4 emissions from Ayrshire cows are scarce [20,21] and none of the existing studies compared emissions from Ayrshire cows versus Holstein cows.”
Result
Effects of live yeast on milk yield, feed efficiency, methane emissions and fertility of high-yielding dairy cows
Garnsworthy, P. C., Saunders, N., Goodman, J. R., Algherair, I., & Ambrose, D. J. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101379 · Cited by 12
Comparison of ruminal fermentation parameters, fatty acid composition and flavour of beef in finishing bulls fed active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast culture
Geng, C., Meng, Q., Ren, L., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., & Yan, C. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15501 · Cited by 10
The Gut Mycobiome and Animal Health
Summers, K. L., & Arfken, A. M. (2022) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90303-9_6 · Cited by 10
Deciphering functional landscapes of rumen microbiota unveils the role of Prevotella bryantii in milk fat synthesis in goats
Yu, L., Zheng, Y., Yan, Y., Zhang, K., Sun, X., Yang, B., Ge, L., Meng, Z., Cao, X., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03788-z · Cited by 10
“Each sample was divided into four aliquots for analysis of VFAs, nicotinate concentrations, and quantification of PB14 [58] and methanogenic archaea [59] copy numbers.”
Inclusion of Camelina sativa Seeds in Ewes’ Diet Modifies Rumen Microbiota
Christodoulou, C., Mavrommatis, A., Loukovitis, D., Symeon, G. K., Dotas, V., Kotsampasi, B., & Tsiplakou, E. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13030377 · Cited by 9
“[17] did not report any significant alteration when dairy cow diets were supplemented with Camelina oil.”
Background
Nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of cattle fed dried brewers grains and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Faccenda, A., Zambom, M. A., de Ávila, A. S., Garcias, J., Eckstein, E. I., Fornari, J. L., Almeida, K. V., & dos Santos, G. T. (2019) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.05.003 · Cited by 9
Ruminal Yeast Strain with Probiotic Potential: Isolation and Characterization and Its Effect on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro
Song, P., Yang, X., Hou, M., Chen, Y., Liu, L., Feng, Y., & Ni, Y. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13061270 · Cited by 9
“In our experiment, the addition of five different yeast strains did not significantly alter the pH of in vitro rumen fermentation fluid, as shown in previous reports [34,35].”
Milk Fatty Acids as Potential Biomarkers of Enteric Methane Emissions in Dairy Cattle: A Review
Youngmark, E. C., & Kraft, J. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15152212 · Cited by 7
“The milk FA profile is highly responsive to dietary manipulation and rumen fermentation [64,65].”
In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Camelina Meal Comparison with Soybean Meal
Sızmaz, Ö., Çalık, A., & Bundur, A. (2021) · Livestock Studies · doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.610102 · Cited by 6
“Some studies have been conducted the effects of camelina oil on total gas volume, CO2 and methane production (Bayat et al., 2015; Ebeid et al., 2020) that reported similar findings with our experiment. In these studies, the authors reported that no difference has been found in the gas volume and CO2 concentration amon…”
Influential
Sustainable Livestock Farming with Oil Seed Crops and Their By-Products
Ahmed, İ., Rıaz, R., & Sızmaz, Ö. (2024) · Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33988/auvfd.1426643 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of esophageal tubing and buccal swabbing versus rumen cannula to characterize ruminal microbiota in cows fed contrasting diets
Dunière, L., Ruiz, P., Chaucheyras‐Durand, F., Silberberg, M., Boudon, A., Nozière, P., & Forano, É. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18063-1 · Cited by 5
“For total bacteria and for protozoa and fungi, standard curves were prepared according to Mosoni et al. 50 . and Bayat et al. 52 .”
Use of feed additives to reduce enteric methane emissions in dairy cattle: meta-analysis of data retrieved through a systematic review
Dalmonte, T., Barbieri, N., GIACOMOZZI, S., Palmonari, A., Indio, V., Vecchio, Y., Guluzade, G., Abdullayev, I., Formigoni, A., Serraino, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2025.1754069 · Cited by 6
Rapeseed and linseed oil supplementation affects hydrolytic activities in the rumen of sheep
Majewska, M. P., Miltko, R., Krawczyńska, A., Bełżecki, G., & Kowalik, B. (2020) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104175 · Cited by 5
Camelina Oil as Ethiopia’s Next Edible Oil: Insights into Chemical Composition and Agro-Ecological Adaptability- A Review
Kidane, B., Hunde, W., Urugo, M. M., Tessema, F., & Teka, T. A. (2025) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess25078 · Cited by 4
Effect of Live Yeasts (Pichia guilliermondii) on In Vitro Fermentation of Corn Stover as a Fibrous Substrate
González-Mora, B., Ruiz-Barrera, Ó., Castillo-Rangel, F., & Castillo-Castillo, Y. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation9010017 · Cited by 5
Yeasts isolated from bovine rumen selected to degrade lignocellulosic roughage
Duarte, E. R., Lima, S. M., Nere, J. C., Freitas, C. E. S., Maia, H. A. R., Júlio, A. D. L., Abrão, F. O., Alves, J. M. D. S., dos Santos, V. L., Geraseev, L. C., et al. (2024) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d250331 · Cited by 4
Agronomic Response of Camelina to Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on the Northern Great Plains
Nleya, T., Bhattarai, D., & Alberti, P. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.95794 · Cited by 4
Does modifying dairy fat composition by changing the diet of the dairy cow provide health benefits?
Markey, O., & Kliem, K. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815603-2.00003-6 · Cited by 4
Feed additives strategies to control methanogenesis in ruminants, Review
Tawab, A. M. A. E., Liu, Q., Xu, G., & Han, X. (2024) · Archiva zootechnica · doi:10.2478/azibna-2024-0017 · Cited by 7
Benefits of Supplementing Yeast to Diets on Dairy animals' Performance
Conference, G. A.-E. I., Hadhoud, F. I., Tawab, A. M. A. E., & Khattab, M. S. A. (2022) · Egyptian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.21608/ejchem.2022.103649.4795 · Cited by 3
Chapter 10: The sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique for estimating enteric methane emissions from ruminants
Pinares-Patiño, C. S., Lively, F. O., & Lassey, K. R. (2015) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-261-0_10 · Cited by 3
Rumen Methanogenesis and Mitigation Strategies
Kumar, K., & Paswan, V. K. (2022) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97291-2_3 · Cited by 2
Assessing the impact of climate action mitigation strategies from livestock production: A review – Solution for greenhouse gases mitigation
Terefe, G., & Walelegne, M. (2024) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0013 · Cited by 4
Nutritional Manipulation as a Strategy to Mitigate Enteric Methane Emissions from Livestock – A Review
Dayoub, W. (2024) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biology · doi:10.17957/ijab/15.2235 · Cited by 4
Effect of fumarate and live yeast on ruminal fermentation, methane emissions, and blood metabolites in dairy goats
Dong, H., Zhang, X., Li, S., Ma, J., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Crespo, Y. L., Yao, J., & Li, Z. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2025-26518 · Cited by 2
In vitro gas production and fatty acids biohydrogenation of diets containing different unsaturated fatty acids sources plus crude glycerin
Insuasti, A. S. G., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Vargas, J. A. C., Messana, J. D., Sader, A. P. D. O., & Berchielli, T. T. (2021) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/vet-2101-67 · Cited by 2
The Trade-Off between Enteric and Manure Methane Emissions and Their Bacterial Ecology in Lactating Cows Fed Diets Varying in Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio and Rapeseed Oil
Darabighane, B., Tapio, I., Rasi, S., Seppänen, A.-M., Blasco, L., Ahvenjärvi, S. A., & Bayat, A. R. (2024) · Methane · doi:10.3390/methane3010002 · Cited by 2
“Previous studies have well established that oilseeds or oils have inconsistent effects on nutrient digestibility depending on the oil content, oil source, and composition of the basal diet [38–40].”
Background
Bioremediation: How to Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Cattle
Sekyi-Otu, A., & Smith, A. (2020) · Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal · doi:10.26685/urncst.192 · Cited by 1
“The results from this study were ambiguous, but led to the philosophy that modifying cattle microbiomes may prove beneficial in decreasing the CH4 production [3].”
BackgroundResult
Impact on ruminant performance of feed additives
Mohammad, S. F. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns6.12629 · Cited by 1
Effect of UV-B irradiated vitamin D enriched yeast supplementation on milk performance and blood chemical profiles in dairy cows
Hnokaew, P., Moonmanee, T., Phatsara, C., Chongkasikit, N., Thirawong, P., Oluodo, L. A., & Yammuen-art, S. (2023) · Animal Bioscience · doi:10.5713/ab.23.0013 · Cited by 1
“Research by Bayat et al [43] reported that fatty acid composition in milk cows with or without live yeast had no significant influence on ruminal lipolysis, biohydroge-nation, or microbial lipid synthesis.”
Background
Effect of fluidised dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on milk composition, somatic cell count and milk yield at different lactation stages in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows
Kalińska, A., Gołębiewski, M., Wnęk-Auguścik, K., Slósarz, J., Kunowska-Slósarz, M., Balcerak, M., Przysucha, T., Kuczyńska, B., Puppel, K., & Kot, M. (2023) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/166611/2023 · Cited by 2
Effects of dietary supplementation of pre-weaned lambs with live yeast on rumen fermentation, gut development, performance, and blood health indicators
Hassan, M., Belanche, A., Romera-Recio, E., Rodríguez, B., Rivelli, I., Gauthier, M., & Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R. (2025) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2025.2596280 · Cited by 1
“Other studies have also indicated that yeast supplementation in ruminant diets did not noticeably influence growth performance (Kawas et al. 2007; Titi et al. 2008; Bayat et al. 2015).”
Rumen methanogenic archaea and their correlation with enteric methane emission in ruminant animals: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Rodrigues, A. A., Ferreira, I. M., Víquez-Umana, F. L., de Oliveira, J. S., & Mantovani, H. C. (2026) · JSFA reports · doi:10.1002/jsf2.70051 · Cited by 1
Parámetros de fermentación y cinética ruminal en novillos suplementados con diferentes aditivos
Martínez, B. H., Ortiz, M. M., Pámanes-Carrasco, G. A., Estrada, O. R., & Herrera-Torres, E. (2017) · Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes · doi:10.33064/iycuaa201772214 · Cited by 1
Non-clinical Safety Evaluation of Camelina Oil: Acute and 12-Week Oral Toxicities
Varmira, K., Kahrizi, D., Sanjari, A., Rashidi, K., Hosseinzadeh, L., Amin, N., & Jalilian, F. (2024) · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research · doi:10.5812/ijpr-140666 · Cited by 1
Effect of fumarate and live yeast on methane emissions, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and lactation performance in dairy goatsPreprint
Dong, H., Tan, J., Li, S., Ma, J., Tang, G., Dai, J., Yao, J., & Li, Z. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.31.610449 · Cited by 1
Identification of milk fatty acids as proxies of the enteric methane emissions in dairy cows
Bougouin, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/753b7a32z4843z4b23zaecbzc99663b10705 · Cited by 1

Authors: Bayat, A. R., Kairenius, P., Stefański, T., Leskinen, H., Comtet-Marre, S., Forano, E., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., & Shingfield, K. J.
Affiliations: Natural Resources Institute Finland (FI)
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FR)
Corresponding author: Bayat, A.R.
ORCID: Bayat, A.R.
Kairenius, P.
Stefański, T.
Leskinen, H.
Comtet-Marre, S.
Venue: Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Published: 2015-05
Volume: 98
Issue: 5
Pages: 3166-3181
ISSN: 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7976
OpenAlex: W2164605450
Cited by: 118
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 23.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1350 d)
Locations: Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: methane, camelina oil, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, live yeast supplementation, grass silage, lactating dairy cows, milk fatty acid composition, rumen fermentation, rumen methanogens, dietary supplementation, milk fat, conjugated linoleic acid, trans fatty acids, nitrogen utilization, dry matter intake, rumen protozoa, rumen fungi
MeSH terms: Animals, Carbon Dioxide, Cattle, Diet, Digestion, Fatty Acids, Female, Fermentation, Poaceae, Lactation, Lactose, Methane, Milk, Plant Oils, Rumen, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Silage, Dietary Supplements, Brassicaceae

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Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets

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