Cited by 164Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyAnimal health and immunology

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From pre- to postweaning: Transformation of the young calf's gastrointestinal tract

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Meale, Sarah J., Chaucheyras-Durand, Frederique, Berends, Harma, Guan, Le Luo, Steele, Michael A.·2017·Journal of Dairy Science

DOI 10.3168/jds.2016-12474

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Abstract

The ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) faces the challenge of protecting the host from luminal contents and pathogens, while supporting the absorption and metabolism of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The GIT of the calf in early life undergoes some of the most rapid microbial and structural changes documented in nature, and these adaptations in GIT function make the young calf susceptible to GIT diseases and disorders. Despite these challenges, the calf's GIT has a certain degree of plasticity and can sense nutrient supply and respond to bioactive ingredients. Calf GIT research has historically focused on the transition during weaning and characterizing ruminal papillae development using microscopy and digesta metabolite responses. Through the use of new molecular-based approaches, we have recently shown that delaying the age of weaning and providing a step-down weaning protocol is associated with a more gradual shift in ruminal microbiota to a postweaned state. In addition to ruminal adaptations during weaning, nutrient flow to the lower gut changes dramatically during weaning, coinciding with a wide array of structural and microbiological changes. Structural and gene expression changes suggest that the lower gut of the dairy calf undergoes alterations that may reduce barrier function when solid feeds are consumed. More recently, in vivo data revealed that the weaning transition increases total gut permeability of the calf. Interestingly, the lower gut may be able to communicate with the forestomach, meaning that a nutrient can be sensed in the lower gut and cause subsequent adaptations in the forestomach. An improved understanding of how diet, microbiota, and functional ingredients interact to affect growth and barrier function of the intestinal tract would greatly benefit the dairy calf industry. A mechanistic understanding of such adaptations would also aid in the formulation of specific management regimens and provision of functional ingredients required to characterize and enhance gut function in young calves.

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“In Ruminants, the rumination is a behavior that ruminal substances regurgitation back into the mouth [23], suggesting that the rumen microbiota may play a role in affecting oral (including the teeth and buccal cavity) microbiota or vice versa [24].”
Integrated analyses of the microbiological, immunological and ontological transitions in the calf ileum during early life
Lyons, T., Jahns, H., Brady, J., O’Hara, E., Waters, S. M., Kenny, D. A., Doyle, E. M., & Meade, K. G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77907-0 · Cited by 15
Different methods of eubiotic feed additive provision affect the health, performance, fermentation, and metabolic status of dairy calves during the preweaning period
Stefańska, B., Katzer, F., Golińska, B., Sobolewska, P., Smulski, S., Frankiewicz, A., & Nowak, W. (2022) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03239-y · Cited by 15
“The start of ruminal fermentation can be detected at a very young age, and SCFA can be found in the calves’ rumen as early as the second week of life [40].”
BackgroundMethod
Grape Seed Extract as a Feed Additive Improves the Growth Performance, Ruminal Fermentation and Immunity of Weaned Beef Calves
Ma, J., Fan, X., Zhang, W., Zhou, G., Yin, F., Zhao, Z., & Gan, S. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13111876 · Cited by 14
Temporal changes in muscle characteristics during growth in the goat
Zhang, X., Wu, J., Zhou, C., Wang, M., Tan, Z., & Jiao, J. (2023) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109145 · Cited by 14
Beginning to offer drinking water at birth increases the species richness and the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium in the gut of preweaned dairy calves
Wickramasinghe, J. P., Anast, J. M., Schmitz‐Esser, S., Serão, N. V. L., & Appuhamy, J. A. D. R. N. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17258 · Cited by 18
Effect of a milk byproduct–based calf starter feed on dairy calf nutrient consumption, rumen development, and performance when fed different milk levels
Parsons, S. D., Steele, M. A., Leslie, K. E., Renaud, D. L., Reedman, C. N., Winder, C. B., & DeVries, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21018 · Cited by 13
“Preweaning calf digestive tracts are equipped for efficiently digesting milk as a primary source of energy (Meale et al., 2017).”
Background
Effects of yeast cell wall on the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community of weaned calves
Ma, J., Shah, A. M., Shao, Y., Wang, Z., Zou, H., Hu, R., Peng, Q., Kang, K., & Wanapat, M. (2020) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104170 · Cited by 13
Effects of a farm-specific fecal microbial transplant (FMT) product on clinical outcomes and fecal microbiome composition in preweaned dairy calves
Slanzon, G. S., Ridenhour, B. J., Parrish, L. M., Trombetta, S. C., Moore, D. A., Sischo, W. M., & McConnel, C. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276638 · Cited by 12
Effects of rearing mode on gastro-intestinal microbiota and development, immunocompetence, sanitary status and growth performance of lambs from birth to two months of age
Dunière, L., Ruiz, P., Lebbaoui, Y., Guillot, L., Bernard, M., Forano, É., & Chaucheyras‐Durand, F. (2023) · Animal Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s42523-023-00255-7 · Cited by 14
Developmental adaptations of γδ T cells and B cells in blood and intestinal mucosa from birth until weaning in Holstein bull calves
Cangiano, L. R., Lamers, K., Olmeda, M. F., Villot, C., Hodgins, D. C., Mallard, B. A., & Steele, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-23943 · Cited by 13
“When microbial diversity is affected in response to a challenge, the stimulatory signals that promote gut barrier function can be compromised (Malmuthuge et al., 2017; Meale et al., 2017) leading to increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and tissue damage (Cangiano et al., 2022).”
Background
Intake of compound probiotics accelerates the construction of immune function and gut microbiome in Holstein calves
Cai, X., Yi, P., Chen, X., Wu, J., Lan, G., Li, S., Luo, S., Huang, F., Huang, J., & Shen, P. (2024) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01909-23 · Cited by 18
Effects of Sodium Butyrate Supplementation in Milk on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Microbiota of Preweaning Holstein Calves
Wu, D., Zhang, Z., Shao, K., Wang, X., Huang, F., Qi, J., Duan, Y., Jia, Y., & Xu, M. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132069 · Cited by 12
“Improved growth is related to a better health status in preweaning calves and thus to dairy farm interests and weaning success [1,2].”
Background
Exploring colostrum microbiota and its influence on early calf gut microbiota development using full-length 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding
Urrutia‐Angulo, L., Ocejo, M., Yergaliyev, T., Oporto, B., Adúriz, G., Camarinha‐Silva, A., & Hurtado, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20111-9 · Cited by 11
Short communication: Diagnostic accuracy of the Petrifilm culture system for identifying colostrum with excessive bacterial contamination in Quebec dairy herds
Morin, M. P., Dubuc, J., Freycon, P., & Buczinski, S. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19474 · Cited by 11
“…(Mensík et al., 1978) was built to identify the Petrifilm system thresholds (one for AC and one for CC) with the optimal combination of Se and Sp (i.e., maximum sum of Se + Sp) and to determine the discrimination ability of the test by calculating the area under the curve (Meale et al., 2017).”
Milk replacer feeding once or twice a day did not change the ruminal metabolomic profile and the microbial diversity of dairy calves from birth to weaning
Zened, A., Julien, C., Cauquil, L., Pascal, G., Canlet, C., Tremblay‐Franco, M., Haimoud-Lekhal, D. A., Enjalbert, F., Bayourthe, C., & Combes, S. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2023-24327 · Cited by 12
“Many authors have already reported the similar observations with several functional bacteria in the rumen, including cellulolytic and sulfate-reducing bacteria, during the first week of life (Wu et al., 2012; Rey et al., 2014; Malmuth-uge et al., 2014; Castro et al., 2016; Meale et al., 2017).”
Background
The early life immune dynamics and cellular drivers at single-cell resolution in lamb forestomachs and abomasum
Huang, K., Yang, B., Xu, Z., Chen, H., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-023-00933-1 · Cited by 12
“Young ruminants with developing four stomachs and a large influx of microbiota and their metabolites are highly susceptible to enteropathogenic diseases [9, 10].”
Background
Colonization and establishment of the rumen microbiota – opportunities to influence productivity and methane emissions
INRAE, F., Morgavi, D., Popova, M., INRAE, F., Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., CSIC, S., Forano, É., & INRAE, F. (2020) · Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science · doi:10.19103/as.2020.0067.02 · Cited by 10
“Colonisation: from birth (preruminant) to a fully functional rumen Recent reviews describe the microbial community successions that occur in the rumen from birth to weaning and after, when animals feed exclusively on solid feeds (Malmuthuge et al., 2015, YanezRuiz et al., 2015, Meale et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands
van Dijk, L. L., Siegmann, S., Field, N. L., Sugrue, K., van Reenen, C. G., Bokkers, E. A. M., Sayers, G., & Conneely, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1238734 · Cited by 10
Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves
Campolina, J. P., Coelho, S. G., Belli, A. L., Neves, L. F. M., Machado, F. S., Pereira, L. G. R., Tomich, T. R., Carvalho, W. A., Daibert, R. M. D. P., Faza, D. R. D. L. R., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30088-y · Cited by 9
Effect of pelleted vs. ground starter with or without hay on preweaned dairy calves
Leão, A. E., Coelho, S. G., de Azevedo, R. A., Campos, M. M., Machado, F. S., Laguna, J. G., Ferreira, A. L., Pereira, L. G. R., Tomich, T. R., Costa, S. F., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234610 · Cited by 9
“The analysis of gene expression occurred at 65 d of age, and some studies showed that calves were not producing ketones at a rate, similar to that of a mature ruminant until 60 d of age, which is only at 40% of the ketogenic rate of a mature ruminant at 30 d of age [49].”
Specific pathway abundances in the neonatal calf faecal microbiome are associated with susceptibility to Cryptosporidium parvum infection: a metagenomic analysis
Hares, M. F., Griffiths, B. E., Johnson, F., Nelson, C., Haldenby, S. T., Stewart, C. J., Duncan, J. S., Oikonomou, G., & Coombes, J. L. (2023) · Animal Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s42523-023-00265-5 · Cited by 8
Transcriptional Reprogramming in Rumen Epithelium during the Developmental Transition of Pre-Ruminant to the Ruminant in Cattle
Baldwin, R. L., Liu, M., Connor, E. E., Ramsay, T. G., Liu, G. E., & Li, C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11102870 · Cited by 8
Effects of mixing a high-fat extruded pellet with a dairy calf starter on performance, feed intake, and digestibility
Amado, L., Leal, L. N., van Laar, H., Berends, H., Gerrits, W. J. J., & Martín‐Tereso, J. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2022-22065 · Cited by 8
“Weaning is stressful for calves due to factors such as rapid microbial changes and gastrointestinal structural adaptations (Meale et al., 2017); therefore, the method of weaning can influence calf performance and gastrointestinal development.”
Background
Milk plane of nutrition and alfalfa hay provision in neonatal Holstein calves: growth performance, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and blood biochemical attributes
Bahmanpour, A. S., Fatahnia, F., Mirzaei, M., Taasoli, G., Alamouti, H. M., & Jafari, H. R. (2023) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115636 · Cited by 8
Polymer‑specific hazard profiling and risk indexing of microplastics in coastal sediments of St. Martin’s Island: A multivariate and machine learning approach
Tajwar, M., Muntaha, S., Ashraf, A., Islam, M. S., & Saha, S. K. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101017 · Cited by 8
Interactions of starter starch and sodium butyrate for preweaned dairy calves: Growth performance, rumen development, and microbiota
Wu, D., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Shao, K., Wang, D., Wang, X., Qi, J., Jia, Y., & Xu, M. (2023) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115780 · Cited by 7
Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolite composition of pre-weaned beef calves
Liu, H., Yan, C., Hao, C., Wang, D., Liu, Y., Luo, Z., Han, S., Wang, J., Li, D., Zhu, J., et al. (2023) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105991 · Cited by 9
Colostrum insulin supplementation to neonatal Holstein bulls affects small intestinal histomorphology, mRNA expression, and enzymatic activity with minor influences on peripheral metabolism
Hare, K. S., Wood, K. M., Mustapha, Y., Swanson, K. C., & Steele, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2022-22965 · Cited by 7
“is relatively underdeveloped in preweaning ruminants (Meale et al., 2017).”
The involvement of translationally controlled tumor protein during lamb rumen epithelium development
Zheng, K., Wu, J., Guo, L., Ying, Y., Li, P., Cao, Y., Jiang, J., Huang, X. H., Meng, C., & Jiang, Y. (2021) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151737 · Cited by 7
Effect of partial exchange of lactose with fat in milk replacer on performance and blood metabolites of Holstein calves
Echeverry-Munera, J., Amado, L., Berends, H., Leal, L. N., Steele, M. A., & Martín‐Tereso, J. (2022) · JDS Communications · doi:10.3168/jdsc.2022-0231 · Cited by 6
“JDS Communications 2023; 4: 19–24 and suggests that solid feed intake in the presence of enhanced WM or MR is potentially regulated by the rate of rumen development (Meale et al., 2017).”
Background
Detección de serovares de Salmonella en terneros de crianza artificial de la región lechera Mar y Sierras, Argentina
Bilbao, G., Malena, R. C., Passucci, J. A., Castro, A. M. P. D. A., Paolicchi, F. A., Soto, P., Cantón, J., & Monteavaro, C. E. (2019) · Revista Argentina de Microbiología · doi:10.1016/j.ram.2018.09.003 · Cited by 6
The Effects of a Blend of Essential Oils in the Milk of Suckling Calves on Performance, Immune and Antioxidant Systems, and Intestinal Microbiota
Nora, L., Marcon, C., Deolindo, G. L., Signor, M. H., Muniz, A. L. D. S., Bajay, M. M., Copetti, P. M., Bissacotti, B. F., Morsch, V. M., & da Silva, A. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14243555 · Cited by 6
Impact of dairy calf management practices on the intestinal tract microbiome pre-weaning
Carroll, A., Bell, M., Bleach, E. C. L., Turner, D., & Williams, L. (2025) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001957 · Cited by 5
Effects of feed additives in the diet of male dairy beef calves on physiological status and rumen microbial fermentation pre- and postweaning
Romera-Recio, E., Ramos‐Morales, E., Belanche, A., Hassan, M., Romero, P., Gómez, A., Rivelli, I., Llanes, N., Torra, J., & Yáñez-Ruiz, D. (2025) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116243 · Cited by 7
Effect of the composition of starter diet fed in the rearing phase on the performance and certain physiological parameters of Holstein calves
Tóth, S., Kovács, M., Bóta, B., Szabó‐Fodor, J., Bakos, G., & Fébel, H. (2019) · Czech Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.17221/34/2019-cjas · Cited by 5
“Meale et al. (2017) described the period from birth to weaning like the biggest challenges for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development.”
Background
Maternal Roughage Sources Influence the Gastrointestinal Development of Goat Kids by Modulating the Colonization of Gastrointestinal Microbiota
Du, H., Li, K., Guo, W., Na, M., Zhang, J., & Na, R. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030393 · Cited by 4
Technical note: Establishment of an ileal cannulation technique in preweaning calves and use of a piecewise regression approach to evaluate effects on growth and pH fluctuation of ileal digesta
Ansia, I., Stein, H.-H. H., Murphy, M. R., & Drackley, J. K. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-16788 · Cited by 4
"On Pre-Weaning Calf Weight Gain Differences: Opportunities to Improve Herd Productivity, Health and Longevity"
Nikkhah, A. (2022) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2022.42.006717 · Cited by 4
Proteome changes of dairy calves rumen epithelium from birth to postweaning
Zheng, K., Wu, J., Ullah, S., Cao, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, X. H., & Jiang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.1071873 · Cited by 4
“Frommonogastric animal to a ruminant, the dairy calves undergoes a series of dramatic gastrointestinal transformations after birth, which changes from a milk-based to a solid-based diet (Steele et al., 2016; Meale et al., 2017).”
Background
Temporal progression of anaerobic fungal communities in dairy calves from birth to maturity
Jones, A., Clayborn, J., Pribil, E., Foote, A. P., Montogomery, D., Elshahed, M. S., & Youssef, N. H. (2023) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16443 · Cited by 4
The impact of probiotics in the nutrition of calves on live weight gain and on health status
Zábranský, Ľ., POLÍVKOVÁ, D., ŠEBKOVÁ, A., Brabenec, V., Šoch, M., Kernerová, N., Malá, G., Novák, P., Gálik, B., Hanušovský, O., et al. (2023) · Journal of Central European Agriculture · doi:10.5513/jcea01/24.4.4124 · Cited by 3
“Despite these predispositions, the GIT of a calf disposes of a certain degree of flexibility and is able to react to the supply of nutrients and the bioactive component (Meale et al., 2017; Godden et al., 2019).”
Background
Resveratrol ameliorates early-weaning stressed calves via alterations in gut microbiome and metabolome
Ma, X., Wang, D., Kuang, Y. K., Nan, S., Niu, Y., Wu, Y., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2025-27101 · Cited by 3
Interactions of starter starch and sodium butyrate for postweaned dairy calves: Growth performance, blood indices, and inflammation
Wu, D., Wu, C., Shao, K., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., Qi, J., Jia, Y., & Xu, M. (2024) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.115898 · Cited by 3
Impacts of Various Nutraceutical Milk Replacer Supplements on the Health and Performance of High-Risk Holstein Calves
Davis, E. M., Liang, Y., Batchelder, T., Sellers, M. D., & Ballou, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2022.872786 · Cited by 4
“…agreement with data frommultiple studies that supplemented similar probiotic bacterial species, specifically Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecium, to young calves and observed increased ADG and BW (Abu-Tarboush et al., 1996; Mokhber-Dezfouli et al., 2007; Jatkauskas and Vrotniakiene, 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Evaluating Ruminal and Small Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Composition of Calves Fed a Macleaya cordata Extract Preparation
Wickramasinghe, J. P., Anderson, C. J., Kaya, C. A., Gorden, P. J., Ribeiro, F. R. B., Dohms, J., Rigert, S., Schmitz‐Esser, S., & Appuhamy, R. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13010054 · Cited by 3
“This discrepancy corroborates the notion that diet change at weaning is a predominant factor shaping the gut microbiota composition of calves [34,37].”
Background
Transcriptome-Based Evaluation of Optimal Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Yak Stomach throughout the Growth Cycle
Min, Q., Lu, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Jiang, M. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13050925 · Cited by 3
“For newborn ruminants, the rumen was not fully developed and ingested colostrum is instead digested in the abomasum [8].”
Background
Microbial colonization dynamics of the postnatal digestive tract of Bos indicus calves
Robles‐Rodríguez, C., Muley, V. Y., González‐Dávalos, L., Shimada, A. S., Varela‐Echavarría, A., & Mora, O. (2023) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.13872 · Cited by 3
Characterization of the preweaned Holstein calf fecal microbiota prior to, during, and following resolution of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease
Claus-Walker, R. A., Slanzon, G. S., Elder, L. A., Hinnant, H. R., Mandella, C. M., Parrish, L. M., Trombetta, S. C., & McConnel, C. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1388489 · Cited by 3

Authors: Meale, S. J., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Berends, H., Guan, L. L., & Steele, M. A.
Affiliations: Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores (FR)
Trouw Nutrition (Brazil) (BR)
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Steele, Michael A.
ORCID: Meale, Sarah J.
Berends, Harma
Guan, Le Luo
Steele, Michael A.
Venue: Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Published: 2017-07
Volume: 100
Issue: 7
Pages: 5984-5995
ISSN: 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12474
OpenAlex: W2616070946
Cited by: 163
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 19.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 564 d)
Locations: Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Alberta
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal health and immunology
Keywords: gastrointestinal tract development, weaning transition, ruminal papillae, rumen microbiota, intestinal permeability, forestomach, functional feed ingredients, gut microbiota, gene expression
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Animals, Newborn, Cattle, Diet, Rumen, Weaning, Gastrointestinal Tract

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From pre- to postweaning: Transformation of the young calf's gastrointestinal tract

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