A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages.

May combine two claims.

In treated grass and small-grain silages, silage DM was weakly positively related to the lactic acid:acetic acid ratio (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.01), a relationship not seen in untreated silages.

“There was a weak positive relationship (R 2 = 0.29, P < 0.01) between silage DM from grass and small-grain silages that were treated and the resulting lactic acid:acetic acid ratio (Figure 2), but this relationship was not observed in untreated silages (data not shown).”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, inoculation lowered DM recovery relative to untreated (96.6% vs an average of 95.1%; P < 0.01), with no effect of inoculation rate.

“Inoculation with L. buchneri decreased (P < 0.01) the recovery of DM relative to LB0 (96.6 vs. an average of 95.1%); however, the inoculation rate had no effect.”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, acetic acid concentration was markedly greater in treated silages than untreated (3.59% LB1 and 4.31% LB2 vs 1.38% LB0; P < 0.01), with LB2 highest (P < 0.02).

“Conversely, treatment with L. buchneri (3.59 and 4.31% for LB1 and LB2, respectively) markedly increased (P < 0.01) the concentrations of acetic acid compared with LB0 (1.38%), with LB2 having the greatest (P < 0.02) concentration of this acid.”

May combine two claims.

DM content was similar across treatments in corn silage (about 31%) and in grass and small-grain silages (about 32%).

“The DM content was similar among treatments (approximately 31%).”

• Also stated in: § Grass and Small-Grain Silages · plain

  “The DM content was similar among all treatments (approximately 32%).”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, inoculation raised pH (4.19 vs an average of 4.41; P < 0.01), which was attributed to lower lactic acid concentrations (7.32 vs an average of 2.89%; P < 0.01).

“Inoculation with L. buchneri increased (P < 0.01) the pH in silages (4.19 vs. an average of 4.41), and this was caused by the lower (P < 0.01) concentrations of lactic acid in these silages (7.32 vs. an average 2.89%).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In grass and small-grain silages, ethanol concentration was greater in treated silages (0.86% LB1 and 0.84% LB2) than untreated (0.44%; P < 0.01).

“were greater (P < 0.01) than those in untreated silage (0.44%).”

May combine two claims.

In corn silage, inoculation did not affect concentrations of propionic acid, ethanol, ammonia-N, or water-soluble carbohydrates.

“The concentrations of propionic acid, ethanol, ammonia-N, and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were unaffected by inoculation.”

May combine two claims.

In corn silage, inoculation lowered DM recovery relative to untreated silage (95.5% LB1 and 94.5% LB2 vs 95.5% LB0; P < 0.05), and the higher rate lowered it further (P < 0.01).

“Inoculation with L. buchneri (95.5 and 94.5% for LB1 and LB2, respectively) decreased (P < 0.05) the DM recovery in silages compared with LB0 (95.5%).”

• Also stated in: § Corn Silage · plain

  “Treating corn silage with the higher application rate of L. buchneri decreased (P < 0.01) DM recovery compared with the lower application rate.”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, no relationship was found between yeast numbers and acetic acid concentration because yeasts were nearly undetectable regardless of treatment.

“A relationship was not found between the numbers of yeasts and the concentrations of acetic acid in these silages because yeasts were nearly undetectable in all silages regardless of treatment.”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, yeasts were nearly undetectable in all silages, yet inoculation improved aerobic stability (206, 226, and 245 h for LB0, LB1, and LB2; P < 0.01), and a higher application rate improved it further (P < 0.03).

“Yeasts were almost undetectable in all silages, yet treating silages with L. buchneri improved (P < 0.01) aerobic stability compared with LB0 (206, 226, and 245 h for LB0, LB1, and LB2, respectively).”

• Also stated in: § Grass and Small-Grain Silages · plain

  “Furthermore, increasing the application rate of L. buchneri improved (P < 0.03) aerobic stability.”

May combine two claims.

In corn silage, acetic acid concentration was greater in treated silages than untreated (LB0 2.18%; P < 0.01), and greater in LB2 (3.89%) than LB1 (2.63%; P < 0.01).

“Silages that were treated with L. buchneri had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of acetic acid when compared with LB0 (2.18%).”

• Also stated in: § Corn Silage · plain

  “Silages treated with LB2 (3.89%) had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of acetic acid compared with the lower application dose of LB1 (2.63%).”

May combine two claims.

In corn silage, the lower inoculation rate reduced yeast numbers about 10-fold versus untreated (3.10 vs 4.18 log10 cfu/g; P < 0.01), and the higher rate reduced them further (1.88 log10 cfu/g; P < 0.02).

“Treating silages with L. buchneri at the lower rate (3.10 log 10 cfu/g) decreased (P < 0.01) the numbers of yeasts 10-fold compared with LB0 (4.18 log 10 cfu/g).”

• Also stated in: § Corn Silage · plain

  “Increasing the inoculation rate of L. buchneri (LB2 = 1.88 log 10 cfu/g) further lessened (P < 0.02) the numbers of yeasts in corn silages compared with LB1.”

May combine two claims.

In corn silage, lactic acid concentration was lower in treated silages than untreated (5.87% LB1 and 4.79% LB2 vs 6.59% LB0; P < 0.01), and lower still at the higher application rate (P < 0.01).

“Compared with LB0 (6.59%), treated silages [LB1 (5.87%) and LB2 (4.79%)] had lower (P < 0.01) concentrations of lactic acid, and the concentration of this acid was further lessened (P < 0.01) in silages treated with the higher rate of application.”

May combine two claims.

The observed acetic acid increases in LB1 matched the amounts expected from conversion of 1 mol lactic acid to 0.48 mol acetic acid (2.53% expected vs 2.63% actual in corn; 3.45% vs 3.59% in grass and small grains), whereas LB2 produced about 0.8 to 0.9% more than projected.

“The increases in concentrations of acetic acid in LB1 treatments for both corn and grass and small-grain silages were very close to what was expected (2.53% expected and 2.63% actual in corn silage, and 3.45% expected and 3.59% actual in grass and small-grain silages).”

• Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain

  “However, treatment with LB2 resulted in approximately 0.8 to 0.9% more acetic acid than was projected in both types of silages, and the reason for this finding is unknown.”

• cites Oude Elferink et al. (2001) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

L. buchneri produces 1,2-propanediol during the metabolism of lactic acid to acetic acid.

“Lactobacillus buchneri also produces 1,2-propanediol during the metabolism of lactic acid to acetic acid (Oude Elferink et al., 2001)”

• cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Inoculation did not change ethanol or water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in corn silage but appeared to stimulate ethanol production in grass and small-grain silages well beyond theoretical expectation.

“Similarly, inoculation had no effect on the concentrations of ethanol or WSC in corn silage but appeared to stimulate ethanol production in grass and small-grain silages to a much greater extent than that theoretically expected.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The statistical model included treatment as a fixed effect and study as a random effect, with the inverse of each study's variance used as the weighting variable.

“The statistical model was Y = treatment + study + residual error, with treatment being a fixed effect and study being a random effect.The inverse of the variance of each study was used as the weighted variable (St-Pierre, 2001).”

• cites St-Pierre, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Aerobic stability of all silages exceeded the 12 to 24 h typical of feed-bunk exposure, but the reported hours should be treated as relative because air can enter the silage mass before feeding.

“In corn and small-grain and grass silages, the aerobic stability of all silages was greater than the time that silage would normally be exposed to air in a feed bunk (i.e., more than 12 to 24 h).”

• Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain

  “thus, the actual hours of aerobic stability should be viewed as relative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Significant differences among means were declared at P < 0.05 and tendencies were discussed at P < 0.10.

“Significant differences among means were declared at P < 0.05 and tendencies were discussed at P < 0.10.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Only studies that reported standard errors of the mean were included, covering peer-reviewed journals, meeting abstracts, conference proceedings, and a thesis.

“Only studies from the literature that reported standard errors of the Journal of Dairy Science Vol.89 No. 10, 2006 Strain 40788 was from Lallemand Animal Nutrition (Milwaukee, WI); 11A44 was from Pioneer Hi-Bred (Des Moines, IA); NK01 was isolated from a TMR at the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University (Okayama, Japan); B-1837 was from the USDA Northern Regional”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Experiments were excluded for lack of data when silages had been ensiled for fewer than 56 days.

“Experiments were excluded for lack of data if silages were ensiled for less than 56 d.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A bacteriocin, Buchnericin LB, has been reported to be present in L. buchneri.

“For example, a bacteriocin, Buchnericin LB, was reported to be present in L. buchneri (Yildirim, 2001).”

• cites Yildirim, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

L. buchneri apparently improves the aerobic stability of silages through the anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid.

“Since that time, a considerable amount of research has been conducted with this microorganism, which apparently improves the aerobic stability of silages via the anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid (Oude Elferink et al., 2001).”

• cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Aerobic stability was measured in generally the same way across studies, defined as hours of air exposure before a 2°C rise above ambient, though some studies used a 1°C rise.

“Aerobic stability was measured in generally the same manner for all of the studies and was defined as the number of hours silage was exposed to air before a 2°C rise in temperature above the ambient temperature, although some defined it as the number of hours silage was exposed to air before a 1°C rise in temperature (Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

L. buchneri may use water-soluble carbohydrates more readily in silages stored above pH 4.0, which may also raise ethanol production because it ferments these carbohydrates heterolactically.

“As a result, L. buchneri may utilize WSC more readily in silages, such as grass and small-grain silage, that are stored at a pH >4.0.”

• Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged

  “This may also increase the ethanol production in these silages because L. buchneri ferments WSC in a heterolactic fashion (Oude Elferink et al., 2001).”

• cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Yeasts capable of metabolizing lactic acid are the main initiators of silage spoilage, which raises silage pH.

“Yeasts that are able to metabolize lactic acid are the primary initiators of spoilage, which leads to an increase in silage pH.”

• cites Woolford, 1990 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Aerobic stability values were log10-transformed before analysis because the data variances were not normally distributed.

“The aerobic stability from each study was converted to log 10 prior to statistical analysis because the variances in the data were not normally distributed.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Across the summarized studies, inoculation with L. buchneri lowered lactic acid and raised acetic acid in all silages, which produced higher pH in treated silages.

“As expected, this resulted in treated silages with higher pH.”

May combine two claims.

In grass and small-grain silages, L. buchneri improved aerobic stability by inhibiting environmental yeast growth after aerobic exposure, with a greater effect at the higher application rate.

“However, addition of L. buchneri improved the aerobic stability of these silages by inhibiting the growth of yeasts from the environment after aerobic exposure, and the effect was greater at the higher level of application than at the lower rate of application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One mole of lactic acid is converted to 0.48 mol of acetic acid by L. buchneri.

“Calculations were made to compare the estimated amount of acetic acid that should have been produced if 1 mol of lactic acid was converted to 0.48 mol of acetic acid by L. buchneri, as reported by Oude Elferink et al. (2001).”

• cites Oude Elferink et al. (2001) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Aerobic stability of silages was consistently improved by inoculation, and the effect was greater with increasing application rate for all crops.

“The aerobic stability of silages was consistently improved with inoculation, and this effect was greater with an increasing rate of application for all crops.”

May combine two claims.

The positive relationship between silage DM and the lactic acid:acetic acid ratio seen in inoculated grass and small-grain silages was absent in untreated grass and small-grain silages and in corn silages.

“The positive relationship between silage DM from grass and small-grain silages that were inoculated and the resulting lactic acid:acetic acid ratio did not exist for untreated grass and small-grain silages or for corn”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Muck (1996) was the first to propose that inoculation with L. buchneri might improve the aerobic stability of silages.

“Muck (1996) was the first to suggest that inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri might improve the aerobic stability of silages.”

• cites Muck (1996)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The fermentation effects of L. buchneri on corn and on grass and small-grain silages were consistent for some but not all quantitative measurements, and some responses appeared crop specific.

“The effects on the fermentation of corn and grass and small-grain silages when treated with L. buchneri were consistent in some but not all quantitative measurements, and certain responses appeared to be crop specific.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The acetic acid increase from inoculation grew with application rate in both crop types, but was moderate, reaching only 3.88% at the highest level.

“The increase in acetic acid from inoculation with L. buchneri was greater as the application rate increased in both types of crops.”

• Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain

  “However, the increase was of a moderate nature because the concentration of acetic acid was only 3.88% even with the highest level of application.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Orthogonal contrasts were used to test untreated versus treated silages (LB0 vs LB1 and LB2) and low versus high inoculation rate (LB1 vs LB2).

“Orthogonal contrasts were designed to test for the effect of untreated vs. treated with L. buchneri (LB0 vs. LB1 and LB2) and a low inoculation rate vs. a high inoculation rate (LB1 vs. LB2).”