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Cited by 94Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyProbiotics and Fermented FoodsAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

Effects of inoculants Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus parafarraginis on the fermentation characteristics and microbial communities of corn stover silage

Open access
Xu, Zhenshang, He, Huiying, Zhang, Susu, Kong, Jian·2017·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-14052-1PMC PMC5648770
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Abstract

To improve silage quality of crop forages, bacterial inoculants are often employed. In this study, Lactobacillus brevis SDMCC050297 and Lactobacillus parafarraginis SDMCC050300 were used as inoculants to corn stover in lab silos for ensiling. At the initial stage of ensiling, the pH value of the inoculated silages reduced more drastically, and the inoculated silages had higher lactic acid and acetic acid contents. After 20 days of ensiling, a reduction in lactic acid content coupled with an increase in acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol contents was observed in inoculated silages. Furthermore, both the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the abundance of order Lactobacillales in inoculated silages were higher than those of controls in the whole process. Meanwhile, Lb . brevis predominated before day 20 and then the dominance was shifted to Lb . parafarraginis until the late stage of ensiling. In contrast, the epiphytic Lactococcus lactic and Lb . plantarum played major roles at the beginning of naturally fermented silages and then Lb . plantarum and Lb . brevis were the most abundant at the later stage. In conclusion, these two selected strains had capability of improving the silage quality and providing the reproducible ensiling process, thus having the potential as silage inoculants.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Inoculating corn stover silage with *Lactobacillus brevis* SDMCC050297 and *Lactobacillus parafarraginis* SDMCC050300 accelerated acidification, increased acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol after day 20, and shifted the bacterial community toward the inoculated lactobacilli. The authors conclude these strains improved silage fermentation and have potential as silage inoculants.

Key findings

  • Inoculated silages showed more rapid pH reduction and higher lactic acid and acetic acid early in ensiling; after day 20, lactic acid decreased while acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol increased in inoculated silages.
  • By the end of fermentation, the lactic acid:acetic acid ratio was 1.27 ± 0.02 in inoculated silages versus 3.97 ± 0.2 in controls (P = 0.006); in the latter phase, LAB numbers in inoculated silages were 11.2-fold higher than controls (P = 0.005).
  • Average abundance of order Lactobacillales was 54.75% in inoculated silages versus 39.22% in controls. *Lb. brevis* predominated before day 20, reaching 55.74% at day 10 versus 5.58% in controls, then *Lb. parafarraginis* dominated inoculated silages at day 45 with 61.63%.
  • In controls, epiphytic *Lactococcus lactic* and *Lb. plantarum* played major early roles, with *Lb. plantarum* and *Lb. brevis* most abundant later.

Methods

  • Lab-scale silos: chopped corn stover (about 20-mm length) packed into 2 L laboratory silos; inoculated with *Lb. brevis* SDMCC050297 and *Lb. parafarraginis* SDMCC050300 mixed 1:1 at 1.0 × 10^8 cfu/kg fresh matter; controls received no inoculant; stored at room temperature (around 15 °C) and opened at days 1, 3, 6, 10, 20, 30, and 45.
  • Fermentation analyses measured pH, water-soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, acetic acid, and 1,2-propanediol by HPLC, plus LAB and enterobacteria counts on MRS and LB agar.
  • Microbial community analysis used 16S rDNA V3–V4 amplicon sequencing on Illumina MiSeq 2 × 300, with OTUs assigned at 97% similarity and classification using RDP classifier, SILVA, and BLASTn; diversity indices included Shannon and Chao 1. Statistical data were presented as mean ± standard deviation using SPSS.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state a limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: findings are from lab-scale 2 L silos at around 15 °C, using one corn stover source/harvest and a 45-day ensiling period, so scale, location, and longer-term outcomes are not tested.
  • Evident from the text: the study reports fermentation and microbial community changes but does not report aerobic stability, animal performance, or silage intake outcomes; datasets are stated to be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-017-14052-1

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In inoculated silages, high abundance of Lb. brevis and Lb. parafarraginis was detected.

    “In inoculated silages, high abundance of Lb. brevis and Lb. parafarraginis were detected (Fig. 4B,C).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The ten most commonly occurring OTUs belonging to order Lactobacillales were Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Lb. parafarraginis, L. lactic, Ln. pseudomesenteroides, Lb. farciminis, Lactobacillus sp., Weissella sp., P. pentosaceus and L. piscium.

    “These species were Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Lb. parafarraginis, L. lactic, Ln. pseudomesenteroides, Lb. farciminis, Lactobacillus sp., Weissella sp., P. pentosaceus and L. piscium, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The LAB number of controls and inoculated silages first increased and then decreased, with the peak value at day 10.

    “The LAB number of the controls and inoculated silages first increased and then decreased, with the peak value appeared at day 10 (Fig. 2A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The average abundance of order Lactobacillales in inoculated silages (54.75%) was greater than in controls (39.22%).

    “Furthermore, both the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the abundance of order Lactobacillales in inoculated silages were higher than those of controls in the whole process.”
    • Also stated in: § Taxonomic characterization of microbial communities by 16S rDNA analysis · plain
      “The average abundance of Lactobacillales in inoculated silages (54.75%) was greater than that in controls (39.22%) (supplementary Fig. S1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Before day 6 of ensiling, inoculated silages had higher lactic acid and acetic acid contents than controls.

    “At the initial stage of ensiling, the pH value of the inoculated silages reduced more drastically, and the inoculated silages had higher lactic acid and acetic acid contents.”
    • Also stated in: § The changes of fermentation properties during ensilage · plain
      “Before day 6, the inoculated silages had higher levels of lactic acid and acetic acid than those in controls (Fig. 1B,C), indicating the positive roles of the heterofermentative inoculants in the ensiling process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • May combine two claims. 24

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    A total of 396 to 651 OTUs were detected.

    “A total of 396 to 651 OTUs were detected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes predominated in all samples, covering more than 95% of the total sequences, and their dominance shifted along the ensiling process.

    “Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominated in the all samples, covering more than 95% of the total sequences, and the dominance was shifted along with the ensiling process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    For each silage sample, 38,566 to 70,967 sequences were obtained.

    “For each silage sample 38,566 to 70,967 sequences were obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In controls except the day 3 sample, the percentage of Firmicutes first increased and then decreased, while the opposite was observed for Proteobacteria during ensiling.

    “In controls (except sample of day 3), the percentages of Firmicutes first increased and then decreased, while the opposite phenomenon was observed for Proteobacteria during the ensiling process (Fig. 3A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inoculated silages contained higher abundance of Lactobacillus and lower abundance of Lactococcus, and significantly lower abundance of Pediococcus, Weissella and Leuconostoc compared with controls.

    “The inoculated silages contained higher abundance of Lactobacillus and lower abundance of Lactococcus, and significantly lower abundance of Pediococcus, Weissella and Leuconostoc compared with the controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The corn stover used in the silage fermentation was only slightly wilted, with a pH of 5.88 ± 0.01.

    “The corn stover used in the silage fermentation was only slightly wilted, with the pH, of 5.88 ± 0.01.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During the latter phase of fermentation, the LAB number in inoculated silages reduced more slowly and was 11.2-fold higher than in controls (P = 0.005).

    “During the latter phase of fermentation, the LAB number in inoculated silages reduced more slowly with 11.2-fold (P = 0.005) higher than that in controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Chao 1 estimates of diversity were from 1,159 to 1,991, and the Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were from 2.18 to 4.17.

    “The Chao 1 estimates of diversity were from 1,159 to 1,991, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity indices were from 2.18 to 4.17.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    L. lactic first increased and then decreased, with high abundance from day 0 to 10, while Lb. plantarum had high abundance from day 10 to 30.

    “And species L. lactic first increased and then decreased, with the high abundance at day from 0 to 10, while the high abundance of species Lb. plantarum was in ranges of day 10 to 30.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Along fermentation, the abundance of Enterobacter and Pseudomonas decreased significantly, while the abundance of Stenotrophomonas only decreased a little.

    “Along with the fermentation, the abundance of Enterobacter and Pseudomonas decreased significantly, while the abundance of Stenotrophomonas only decreased a little.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lactobacillus and Lactococcus were two dominant genera in controls and inoculated silages, with opposite changes in abundance: Lactococcus decreased while Lactobacillus increased along the ensiling process.

    “Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, two dominant genera, could be identified in controls and inoculated silages, but had the opposite changes in abundance: Lactococcus decreased along with the ensiling process while Lactobacillus increased.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In inoculated silages, Lb. brevis predominated before day 20, after which dominance shifted to Lb. parafarraginis until the late stage of ensiling.

    “Meanwhile, Lb. brevis predominated before day 20 and then the dominance was shifted to Lb. parafarraginis until the late stage of ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In naturally fermented silages, epiphytic Lactococcus lactic and Lb. plantarum played major roles at the beginning, and Lb. plantarum and Lb. brevis were most abundant at the later stage.

    “In contrast, the epiphytic Lactococcus lactic and Lb. plantarum played major roles at the beginning of naturally fermented silages and then Lb. plantarum and Lb. brevis were the most abundant at the later stage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The two LAB strains SDMCC050297 and SDMCC050300 were Gram-positive, catalase-negative and heterofermentative.

    “They were Gram-positive, catalase-negative and heterofermentative bacteria, and could grow at initial pH value of 3.5 and lowest temperature of 15 °C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After 20 days of ensiling, inoculated silages showed a reduction in lactic acid content and an increase in acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol contents.

    “After 20 days of ensiling, a reduction in lactic acid content coupled with an increase in acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol contents was observed in inoculated silages.”
    • Also stated in: § The changes of fermentation properties during ensilage · plain
      “Along with the fermentation process, a significant increasing of acetic acid and 1, 2-propanediol was observed after day 20 in inoculated silages (Fig. 1C,D).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    When Lb. parafarraginis SDMCC050300 was added as inoculant, its numbers increased markedly but did not dictate fermentation until day 20 of ensiling.

    “when Lb. parafarraginis SDMCC050300 was added to silage as an inoculant, the numbers of Lb. parafarraginis increased markedly but did not dictate fermentation until day 20 of ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The epiphytic LAB number of corn stover used in this study was 9.24 × 10^9 cfu/kg FM, much higher than that of corn stover in the studies of Liu et al. (3.47 × 10^8 cfu/kg FM) and Li et al. (1.4 × 10^8 cfu/kg FM).

    “The epiphytic LAB number of corn stover used in this study was 9.24 × 109 cfu/kg FM, much higher than that of corn stover in study of Liu et al. (3.47 × 108 cfu/kg FM)14 and Li et al. (1.4 × 108 cfu/kg FM)30.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Liu, Q. H., Yang, F. Y., Zhang, J. G. & Shao, T. Characteristics of Lactobacillus parafarraginis ZH1 and its role in improving the aerobic stability of silages. J. Appl. Microbiol. 117, 405–416 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Li, D. et al. Identification and antimicrobial activity detection of lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn stover silage. Asian- Australas J. Anim. Sci. 28, 620–631 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In inoculated silages, Lactobacillales abundance was greater and Enterobacteriales lower than controls at order level.

    “In the order level, Lactobacillales abundance was greater, and Enterobacteriales was lower (data not shown) in inoculated silages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this study, Pediococcus sp., Leuconostocs sp. and Weissella sp. were detected.

    “We also detect Pediococcus sp., Leuconostocs sp. and Weissella sp., whose roles in corn stover silage have not been extensively studied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The inhibitory effects of acetic acid on yeasts and fungi in silages treated with Lb. buchneri are responsible for the greater aerobic stability of such silages.

    “The inhibitory effects of acetic acid on yeasts and fungi in silages treated with Lb. buchneri is responsible for the greater aerobic stability of such silages27,28 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Ranjit, N. K., Taylor, C. C. & Kung, L. Jr. Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the fermentation, aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage. Grass Forage Sci. 57, 73–81 (2002). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Kleinschmit, D. H., Schmidt, R. J. & Kung, L. Jr. The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 2130–2139 (2005). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis showed that Lb. buchneri inoculation decreased yeast counts and improved aerobic stability of corn silages.

    “A meta-analysis showed that Lb. buchneri inoculation decreased yeast counts and improved aerobic stability of corn silages11.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kleinschmit, D. H. & Kung, L. Jr. A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 4005–4013 (2006). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premiseown data

    Lb. parafarraginis SDMCC050300 can convert lactic acid to acetic acid anaerobically, accompanied by the generation of 1,2-propanediol.

    “Our previous studies have showed that Lb. parafarraginis SDMCC050300 can convert lactic acid to acetic acid anaerobically, accompanied by the generation of 1,2-propanediol (data not shown).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Addition of Lb. buchneri to silage enhances anaerobic degradation of lactic acid to acetic acid.

    “Addition of Lb. buchneri to silage enhances anaerobic degradation of lactic acid to acetic acid11,17.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kleinschmit, D. H. & Kung, L. Jr. A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 4005–4013 (2006). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Oude Elferink, S. J. et al. Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 125–132 (2001). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The dynamic changes of the bacterial community in inoculated silages were more complex, indicating more complicated interactions between the bacterial flora.

    “However, the dynamic changes of bacterial community in inoculated silages was more complex as shown in Fig. 3B, indicating the more complicated interactions between the bacterial flora.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The two isolates SDMCC050297 and SDMCC050300 were identified as Lb. brevis and Lb. parafarraginis, respectively.

    “Therefore, the two isolates SDMCC050297 and SDMCC050300 were identified as Lb. brevis and Lb. parafarraginis, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The two selected strains changed the characteristics of silages, especially enhancing the acetic acid content throughout the fermentation process.

    “These results indicated that these two selected strains changed the characteristics of silages, especially enhancing the acetic acid content in the whole fermentation process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    High levels of enterobacteria were also observed in alfalfa silages treated with P. acidilactici or P. pentosaceus.

    “This phenomenon was also observed in alfalfa silages treated with P. acidilactici or P. pentosaceus 33.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Silva, V. P. et al. Effects of lactic acid bacteria with bacteriocinogenic potential on the fermentation profile and chemical composition of alfalfa silage in tropical conditions. J. Dairy. Sci. 99, 1895–902 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lactococci could tolerate lower pH values.

    “although Lactococci could tolerate lower pH values38.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Kim, J. H., Shoemaker, S. P. & Mills, D. A. Relaxed control of sugar utilization in Lactobacillus brevis. Microbiology. 155, 1351–1359 (2009). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lb. buchneri has been shown to activate at later stages, approximately 45 to 60 days of storage, of ensiling.

    “However, Lb. buchneri has been shown to activate at later stages (approximately 45 to 60 days of storage) of ensiling11,29.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kleinschmit, D. H. & Kung, L. Jr. A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 4005–4013 (2006). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Driehuis, F., Oude Elferink, S. J. W. H. & Spoelstra, S. F. Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87, 583–594 (1999). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Enterobacteria are rapidly eliminated during ensiling of corn, with or without inoculation, along with a rapid drop in pH.

    “Previous studies have shown that enterobacteria was rapidly eliminated during ensiling of corn, with or without inoculation along with a rapid drop in pH32.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Pedroso, A., Adesogan, A., Queiroz, O. & Williams, S. Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in corn silage with or without various inoculants: Efficacy and mode of action. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 1098–1104 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At low pH, organic acids are mostly in protonated states, and protons can diffuse into bacterial cells and cause cell death.

    “The acid dissociation constant (pKa) may be implicated because at low pH, organic acids are mostly in protonated states, and the protons can diffuse into bacterial cells and cause cell death34.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Zhang, J., Kobert, K., Flouri, T. & Stamatakis, A. PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR. Bioinformatics. 30, 614–620 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The displacement of Lactococci by Lactobacilli during fermentation was consistent with the previous observation in alfalfa silage.

    “This phenomenon of the displacement of Lactococci by Lactobacilli during the fermentation was consistent with the previous observation in alfalfa silage37”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Stevenson, D., Muck, R., Shinners, K. & Weimer, P. Use of real time PCR to determine population profiles of individual species of lactic acid bacteria in alfalfa silage and stored corn stover. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 329–338 (2006).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some species of Stenotrophomonas are related to lignocellulosic biomass degradation.

    “and some species of which were related with lignocellulosic biomass degradation41.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Raj, A., Kumar, S. & Singh, S. K. A Highly Thermostable Xylanase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Purification and Partial Characterization. Enzyme Res. 429305 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous reports indicate that Lb. brevis only plays a role in the early period of ensiling.

    “which is like previous reports that this species only play a role in the early period of ensiling19,20.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Zheng, M. L., Niu, D. Z., Jiang, D., Zuo, S. S. & Xu, C. C. Dynamics of microbial community during ensiling direct-cut alfalfa with and without LAB inoculant and sugar. J. Appl. Microbial. 122, 1456–1470 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Holzer, M., Danner, H., Mayrhuber, E. & Braun, R. The aerobic stability of silages influenced by metabolites of lactic acid bacteria. Meded. Rijksuniv. Gent. Fak. Landbouwkd. Toegep. Biol. Wet. 66, 459–461 (2001).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Yersinia, Salmonella and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli are associated with human or animal disease.

    “Some species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Yersinia and Salmonella and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli are known to associate with disease of human or animal39.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Dunièrea, L., Sindoub, J., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Chevallier, I. & Thévenot-Sergentet, D. Silage processing and strategies to prevent persistence of undesirable microorganisms. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 182, 1–15 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lactic acid-producing cocci grow vigorously in the early stages of ensiling, creating a suitable environment for Lactobacillus in later stages.

    “It has been reported that lactic acid–producing cocci grow vigorously in the early stages of the ensiling process, creating a suitable environment for the growth of Lactobacillus in the later stages36.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Cai, Y., Ohmomo, S. & Kumai, S. Distribution and lactate fermentation characteristics of lactic acid bacteria on forage crops and grasses. Grassl. Sci. 39, 420–428 (1994).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The observed order-level differences were in accordance with the previous report about the composition of microbial communities of silages inoculated with Lb. buchneri CD034.

    “This phenomenon was in accordance with the previous report about the composition of the microbial communities of silages inoculated with Lb. buchneri CD03413.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Eikmeyer, F. G. et al. Metagenome analyses reveal the influence of the inoculant Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 on the microbial community involved in grass ensiling. J. Biotechnol. 167, 334–343 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species can produce biogenic amines, which are linked to decreased protein content and nutritional value of silage.

    “Species of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella could produce biogenic amines, which often linked to a decrease in the protein content and nutritional value of the silage40.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Silla Santos, M. H. Biogenic amines: their importance in foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 29, 213–231 (1996). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The largest LAB populations might be due to the ability of these strains to survive during fermentation.

    “These results might have been due to the ability of these strains to survive during the fermentation process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lb. buchneri could only efficiently improve the aerobic stability of silage at the high temperature of 30 °C.

    “Besides, Lb. buchneri could only efficiently improve the aerobic stability of silage at the high temperature (30 °C)14.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Liu, Q. H., Yang, F. Y., Zhang, J. G. & Shao, T. Characteristics of Lactobacillus parafarraginis ZH1 and its role in improving the aerobic stability of silages. J. Appl. Microbiol. 117, 405–416 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The two selected strains had capability of improving silage quality and have potential as silage inoculants.

    “All the results proved that these two selected strains had capability of improving the silage quality and have the potential as silage inoculants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
41 of 41

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sufficient data are not yet available on the bacterial community dynamics involved in corn stover ensiling.

    “Sufficient data are not yet available on the bacterial community dynamics involved in corn stover ensiling.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The pKa of lactic acid is 3.86 and of acetic acid is 4.77.

    “The pKa of lactic acid and acetic acid are 3.86 and 4.77, respectively.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no study concerning the bacterial community dynamics involved in corn stover ensiling.

    “However, there is no study concerning the bacterial community dynamics involved in corn stover ensiling.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

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1 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Xu, Z., He, H., Zhang, S., & Kong, J.
Affiliations
Shandong University (CN)
Corresponding author
Kong, Jian
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-10-19
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
13614-13614
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-14052-1
PMC
PMC5648770
OpenAlex
W2763398020
Semantic Scholar
73b28934f7b5cce6a852de22b06a028b7c93246c
Cited by
94
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
15.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471715, 31400077)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords
silage inoculants, Lactobacillus brevis, corn stover silage, silage fermentation, lactic acid, acetic acid, propylene glycol, lactic acid bacteria, microbial communities, Lactobacillus plantarum, silage quality
MeSH terms
Bacteria, Zea mays, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactobacillus, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Silage, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Bioreactors, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid, Metagenomics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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