Microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery
Abstract
The microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was defined in 50 cerebral hemispheres. The MCA was divided into four segments: the M1 (sphenoidal) segment coursed posterior and parallel to the sphenoid ridge; the M2 (insular) segment lay on the insula; the M3 (opercular) segment coursed over the frontoparietal and temporal opercula; and the M4 (cortical) segment spread over the cortical surface. The Sylvian fissure was divided into a sphenoidal and an operculoinsular compartment. The M1 segment coursed in the sphenoidal compartment, and the M2 and M3 segments coursed in the operculoinsular compartment. The main trunk of the MCA divided in one of three ways; bifurcation (78% of hemispheres), trifurcation (12%), or division into multiple trunks (10%). The MCA's that bifurcated were divided into three groups: equal bifurcation (18%), inferior trunk dominant (32%), or superior trunk dominant (28%). The MCA territory was divided into 12 areas: orbitofrontal, prefrontal, precentral, central, anterior parietal, posterior parietal, angular, temporo-occipital, posterior temporal, middle temporal, anterior temporal, and temporopolar. The smallest cortical arteries arose at the anterior end and the largest one at the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure. The largest cortical arteries supplied the temporo-occipital and angular areas. The relationship of each of the cortical arteries to a number of external landmarks was reviewed in detail.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Although damage to Broca's area typically co-occurs with damage to neighbouring areas, damage to neighbouring areas can occur without damage to Broca's area.
“although damage to Broca’s area typically co-occurs with damage to these neighbouring areas, damage to neighbouring areas can occur without damage to Broca’s area.”
From Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke (2021) · cites this paper as Gibo et al., 1981
Cites
Locksley, H. B. (1966) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1966.25.2.0219 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Radiology of the Skull and Brain
P, F. W. (1979) · Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service · doi:10.1136/jrnms-65-175a · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Perret, G. E., & Nishioka, H. (1966) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1966.25.4.0467 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery
Zeal, A., & Rhoton, A. L. (1978) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1978.48.4.0534 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationThe microsurgical approach to intracranial aneurysms.
Yasargil, M. G., & Fox, J. L. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery
Perlmutter, D., & Rhoton, A. L. (1978) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1978.49.2.0204 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationCrompton, M. R. (1962) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)90281-7 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Bacterial intracranial aneurysm
Bohmfalk, G. L., Story, J. L., Wissinger, J. P., & Brown, W. E. (1978) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1978.48.3.0369 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
ANOMALIES OF THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY: ACCESSORY ARTERY, DUPLICATION, AND EARLY BIFURCATION
Teal, J. S., Rumbaugh, C. L., Bergeron, R. T., et al. (1973) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.118.3.567 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Radiologic Anatomy of the Brain
Salamon, G., Huang, Y. P., Michotey, P., et al. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66273-7 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY.
Kk, J. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Cerebral aneurysms of traumatic origin.
Fleischer, A. S., Patton, J. M., & Gt, T. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 158 · see citing works
OCCLUSION OF THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
Lascelles, R. G., & Burrows, E. H. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.1.85 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Nature of occlusions of the middle cerebral artery
Lhermitte, F., Gautier, J. C., & Derouesné, C. (1970) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.20.1.82 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
BEEVOR, C. E. (1908) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/30.4.403 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Clinical Syndromes in Cerebral Thrombosis, Hypertensive Hemorrhage, and Ruptured Saccular Aneurysm
Fisher, M. C. (1975) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/22.cn_suppl_1.117 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries
Asari, S., Nakamura, S., Yamada, O., Beck, H., Sugatani, H., & Higashi, T. (1977) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1977.46.6.0795 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Anatomy of saccular aneurysms.
Al, R. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Microsurgical Anatomy of Common Aneurysm Sites
Rhoton, A. L., Saeki, N., Perlmutter, D., & Zeal, A. (1979) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/26.cn_suppl_1.248 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationArteries and veins of the human brain
Kaplan, H. A. (1970) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(70)90174-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Basal Arteries of the Forebrain and their functional significance.
Shellshear, J. L. (1920) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ron, M. A. (1974) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(74)90039-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Atlas of cerebral angiography with anatomic correlation
Waddington, M. M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 46 · see citing works
SYNDROMES OF OCCLUSIONS OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY BRANCHES
Waddington, M. M., & Ring, B. A. (1968) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/91.4.685 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery: The Temporal Branches
DeLong, W. B. (1973) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.4.3.412 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Middle cerebral artery: Anatomical and radiographic study
Ring, B. A. (1962) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.3109/00016926209171758 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chater, N. L., Spetzler, R., Tonnemacher, K., et al. (1976) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1976.44.6.0712 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vascularisation et Circulation de l'Encephale
Hutchinson, E. C. (1977) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.40.5.516-b · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Intraluminal Diameters of Middle Cerebral Branches for Microanastomoses
Waddington, M. M. (1979) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.1979.11739542 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Microsurgical treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular disease.
Al, R. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke
Gajardo-Vidal, A., Lorca-Puls, D. L., team, P., Warner, H., Pshdary, B., Crinion, J. T., Leff, A. P., Hope, T. M. H., Geva, S., Seghier, M. L., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa460 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Dissociation of Broca’s area from Broca’s aphasia in patients undergoing neurosurgical resections
Andrews, J. P., Cahn, N., Speidel, B. A., Chung, J. E., Levy, D. F., Wilson, S. M., Berger, M. S., & Chang, E. F. (2023) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2022.6.jns2297 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kahilogullari, G., Ugur, H. C., Comert, A., Tekdemir, I., & Kanpolat, Y. (2012) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2012.1.jns111013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gibo, H., Carver, C. C., Rhoton, A. L., Lenkey, C., & Mitchell, R. J.
- Venue
- Journal of neurosurgery
- Published
- 1981-02
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-169
- ISSN
- 0022-3085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014576297
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of neurosurgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Moyamoya disease diagnosis and treatment
- Keywords
- middle cerebral artery, microsurgical anatomy, M1 segment, M2 segment, Sylvian fissure, cortical arteries, anatomical landmarks
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Arteries, Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Microsurgery, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
