Pragmatic vs explanatory trials: the Pragmascope tool to help measure differences in protocols of mental health randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
In the pragmatic-explanatory continuum, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) can at one extreme investigate whether a treatment could work in ideal circumstances (explanatory), or at the other extreme, whether it would work in everyday practice (pragmatic). How explanatory or pragmatic a study is can have implications for clinicians, policy makers, patients, researchers, funding bodies, and the public. There is an increasing need for studies to be open and pragmatic; however, explanatory trials are also needed. The previously developed Pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS) was adapted into the Pragmascope tool to assist mental health researchers in designing RCTs, taking the pragmatic-explanatory continuum into account. Ten mental health trial protocols were randomly chosen and scored using the tool by three independent raters. Their results were compared for consistency and the tool was found to be reliable and practical. This preliminary work suggests that evaluating different domains of an RCT at the protocol level is useful, and suggests that using the Pragmascope tool presented here might be a practical way of doing this.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
We interpret the effects reported in Grieve et al. (2022) as those of a randomized field or pragmatic trials.
“As such, we interpret the effects reported in Grieve et al . (2022) as those of a randomized field or pragmatic trials (Thorpe et al ., 2009; Torgerson and Torgerson, 2008; Tosh et al ., 2011).”
From The impact of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: a reinterpretation through the lens of the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (2024) · cites this paper as Tosh et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia
Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Rosenheck, R. A., Perkins, D. O., Keefe, R. S. E., Davis, S. M., Davis, C. E., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051688 · Cited by 5,892 · see citing works
A pragmatic–explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers
Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., Tunis, S., Bergel, E., Harvey, I., Magid, D. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.011 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Jones, P., Barnes, T., Davies, L., Dunn, G., Lloyd, H., Hayhurst, K. P., Murray, R., Markwick, A., & Lewis, S. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1079 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
World Health Organization Technical Report Series
(1972) · Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL · doi:10.1093/jaoac/55.3.666 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial
The Eclampsia Trial Collaborative Group (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91034-4 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Overview of the Randomized Trials of Radiotherapy in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast
Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) (2010) · JNCI Monographs · doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq039 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Stroup, T., Mcevoy, J., Swartz, M., Byerly, M., Glick, I., Cañive, J., McGee, M., Simpson, G., Stevens, M., & Lieberman, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006986 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
CHALMERS, I. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26345.x · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Baigent, C., Collins, R., Appleby, P., Parish, S., Sleight, P., & Peto, R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1337 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years
Thornley, B., & Adams, C. E. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1181 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationTelles, S., Singh, N., Joshi, M., & Balkrishna, A. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-18 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Large‐Scale Randomized Evidence: Large, Simple Trials and Overviews of Trials
Peto, R., Collins, R., & Gray, R. G. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26369.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
STREPTOMYCIN treatment of tuberculous meningitis.
(1948) · PubMed · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Randomized trial of achieving healthy lifestyles in psychiatric rehabilitation: the ACHIEVE trial
Casagrande, S. S., Jerome, G. J., Dalcin, A., Dickerson, F., Anderson, C. A. M., Appel, L. J., Charleston, J. B., Crum, R. M., Young, D. R., Güallar, E., et al. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-108 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gold, C., Rolvsjord, R., Aarø, L. E., Aarre, T. F., Tjemsland, L., & Stige, B. (2005) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-39 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Buszewicz, M., Griffin, M., McMahon, E. M., Beecham, J. K., & King, M. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-61 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chlorpromazine: unlocking psychosis
Turner, T. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39034.609074.94 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Priebe, S., Burton, A., Ashby, D., Ashcroft, R. E., Burns, T., David, A. S., Eldridge, S. M., Firn, M., Knapp, M. R. J., & McCabe, R. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-61 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Murray, E., McCambridge, J., Khadjesari, Z., White, I. R., Thompson, S. G., Godfrey, C., Linke, S., & Wallace, P. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-306 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lobban, F. A., Gamble, C. L., Kinderman, P., Taylor, L. K., Chandler, C., Tyler, E., Peters, S., Pontin, E. E., Sellwood, W., & Morriss, R. K. (2007) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-7-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Morriss, R., Marttunnen, S., Garland, A., Nixon, N., McDonald, R., Sweeney, T., Flambert, H., Fox, R., Kaylor-Hughes, C. J., James, M., et al. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-100 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials
Patsopoulos, N. A. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/npatsopoulos · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Real-world evidence: How pragmatic are randomized controlled trials labeled as pragmatic?
Dal‐Ré, R., Janiaud, P., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1038-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression
Huf, G., Alexander, J., Gandhi, P., & Allen, M. H. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005146.pub3 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Gaglio, B., Phillips, S. M., Heurtin‐Roberts, S., Sanchez, M. A., & Glasgow, R. E. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0096-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
McMullen, H., Griffiths, C., Leber, W., & Greenhalgh, T. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0755-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Co‐creation: a new approach to optimising research impact?
Jackson, C. L., & Greenhalgh, T. (2015) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja15.00219 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Addiction Consultation Services for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Initiation and Engagement
McNeely, J., Wang, S. S., Abadi, Y. R., Barron, C. T., Billings, J., Tarpey, T., Fernando, J., Appleton, N., Fawole, A., Mazumdar, M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.3422 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Loudon, K., Zwarenstein, M., Sullivan, F., Donnan, P. T., & Treweek, S. P. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-115 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Practical Steps to Community Engaged Research: From Inputs to Outcomes
Isler, M. R., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2012) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00719.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pragmatic trials and implementation science: grounds for divorce?
Pawson, R. (2019) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-019-0814-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wieland, L. S., Berman, B., Altman, D. G., Barth, J., Bouter, L. M., D’Adamo, C. R., Linde, K., Moher, D., Mullins, C. D., Treweek, S. P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.01.010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Balamuth, F., Kittick, M., McBride, P., Woodford, A. L., Vestal, N. L., Casper, T. C., Metheney, M., Smith, K. A., Atkin, N. J., Baren, J. M., et al. (2019) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.13815 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Weiss, S. L., Balamuth, F., Long, E., Thompson, G. C., Hayes, K. L., Katcoff, H., Cook, M., Tsemberis, E., Hickey, C. P., Williams, A. J., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05717-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Smoktunowicz, E., Lesnierowska, M., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Cieślak, R. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21445 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Lindner, P., Nilsson, S., Mårtensson, L., Rizzo, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
McNeely, J., Troxel, A. B., Kunins, H. V., Shelley, D., Lee, J. D., Walley, A. Y., Weinstein, Z., Billings, J., Davis, N. J., Marcello, R. K., et al. (2019) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-019-0135-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Trends in the Explanatory or Pragmatic Nature of Cardiovascular Clinical Trials Over 2 Decades
Sepehrvand, N., Alemayehu, W. G., Das, D., Gupta, A., Gouda, P., Ghimire, A., Du, A., Hatami, S., Babadagli, H. E., Verma, S., et al. (2019) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3604 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Alphs, L. D., Schooler, N. R., & Lauriello, J. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.024 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bossie, C. A., Alphs, L. D., & Correll, C. U. (2015) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000082 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Selby, P. L., Brosky, G., OH, P. I., Raymond, V., & Ranger, S. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-101 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Albertson, T. E., Murin, S., Sutter, M. E., & Chenoweth, J. (2017) · Pragmatic and Observational Research · doi:10.2147/por.s144157 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
on behalf of the CHAP investigators, Thabane, L., Kaczorowski, J. A., Dolovich, L. R., Chambers, L. W., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0919-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bratton, D. J., Nunn, A., WOJNAROWSKA, F. T., Kirtschig, G., Sandell, A., & Williams, H. C. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-50 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Forbes, G., Loudon, K., Treweek, S. P., Taylor, S. J., & Eldridge, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ondersma, S. J., Martin, J. B., Fortson, B. L., Whitaker, D. J., Self‐Brown, S., Beatty, J. R., Loree, A. M., Bard, D., & Chaffin, M. J. (2017) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559517729890 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Meerschman, I., Claeys, S., Bettens, K., Bruneel, L., D’haeseleer, E., & Lierde, K. M. V. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Eyer, J. C., & Thorn, B. E. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315570985 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jeffery, N. D., Brakel, K., Aceves, M., Hook, M. A., & Jeffery, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00650 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sajobi, T. T., Li, G., Awosoga, O., Wang, M., Menon, B. K., Hill, M. D., & Thabane, L. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0668-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pragmatic design in randomized controlled trials
Purgato, M., Barbui, C., Stroup, S., & Adams, C. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001275 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia trials conducted in African countries: a drop of evidence in the ocean of morbidity?
Purgato, M., Adams, C. E., & Barbui, C. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-6-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAdams, C. E., Wells, N. C., Clifton, A., Jones, H. F., Simpson, J., Tosh, G. E., Callaghan, P., Liddle, P. F., Guo, B., Furtado, V. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.10.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGalindo, M. S., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Garancher, L., Miller, J. B., Gomes, J. H., Sanna, A., Peterka, C., Cairo, H., Hiwat, H., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12801-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Doval, R. V., Sáez‐Benito, L., Gastelurrutia, M. Á., Benrimoj, S. I., García‐Cárdenas, V., & Martínez‐Martínez, F. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06150-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
ASPECT-R-A Tool to Rate the Pragmatic and Explanatory Characteristics of a Clinical Trial Design.
Alphs, L. D., & Bossie, C. A. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Are explanatory trials ethical? Shifting the burden of justification in clinical trial design
Borgerson, K. (2013) · Metamedicine · doi:10.1007/s11017-013-9262-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Aves, T., Allan, K. S., Lawson, D. O., Nieuwlaat, R., Beyene, J., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017887 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Yamaguchi, S., Sato, S., Shiozawa, T., Matsunaga, A., Ojio, Y., & Fujii, C. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01161-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Clinician-trialist rounds: 16. Mind your explanatory and pragmatic attitudes! – part 1: what?
Sackett, D. L. (2013) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774513484395 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Surr, C., Holloway, I., Walwyn, R. E. A., Griffiths, A. W., Meads, D. M., Martin, A., Kelley, R., Ballard, C. G., Fossey, J., Burnley, N. L., et al. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1745144 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The “pragmatic trial”: An essentially contested concept?
Pawson, R. (2019) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13216 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gaudreau, P., & Schellenberg, B. J. I. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000516 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“(2022) as those of a randomized field or pragmatic trials (Thorpe et al ., 2009; Torgerson and Torgerson, 2008; Tosh et al ., 2011).”
Dal‐Ré, R., Mentz, R. J., & Rosendaal, F. R. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2021-001789 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluating the design and reporting of pragmatic trials in osteoarthritis research
Ali, S. A., Kloseck, M., Lee, K. S., Walsh, K. E., MacDermid, J. C., & Fitzsimmons, D. A. (2017) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex050 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yan, H., Gallant, A. J., Delahunty-Pike, A., Langley, J., Zsager, A., Abaga, E., Ziegler, C., Karabanow, J., Hwang, S. W., & Pinto, A. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118557 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lessons learned in methods and analyses for pragmatic studies
Eckardt, P. A., & Erlanger, A. C. E. (2018) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2018.06.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Korfmacher, J. (2019) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-019-01079-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bossie, C. A., Alphs, L. D., Williamson, D., Mao, L., & Kurut, C. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rosas, L. G., Lv, N., Azar, K. M. J., Xiao, L., Yank, V. A., & Ma, J. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Titz, M., Schwameis, M., Kienbacher, C. L., Buchtele, N., von Roth, D., Duma, A., Nägele, P., Schoergenhofer, C., & Herkner, H. (2020) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Person-Centered Research: A novel approach to Randomized Controlled Trials
Badian, R. A., McCormack, B. G., & Sundling, V. (2018) · European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare · doi:10.5750/ejpch.v6i2.1435 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adams, C. E. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796013000267 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationClinician-trialist rounds: 17. Mind your explanatory and pragmatic attitudes! Part 2: How?
Sackett, D. L. (2013) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774513491339 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of Pragmatic and Explanatory Trials
Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., & Aves, T. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Papagiannopoulou, E., Laiou, E., Tatsi, C., Dimakopoulos, G., Ntzani, E., Siamopoulos, K. C., & Tatsioni, A. (2022) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13759 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
BOLDER Research Group (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.8392.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yamada, C., Siste, K., Hanafi, E., Ophinni, Y., Beatrice, E., Rafelia, V., Alison, P., Limawan, A. P., Shinozaki, T., Matsumoto, T., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050259 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rosen, S., Grzegorzewski, J. L., Heath, S., Schocke, C., & Jeffery, N. D. (2022) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.16516 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neuman, M. D., Kappelman, M. D., Israel, E., Ellenberg, S. S., Girman, C., Robb, J., Rabinowitz, A., & Trontell, A. E. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106171 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
What is the “best intro”—explanatory versus pragmatic antipsychotic drug trials
Leucht, S., & Davis, J. M. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30436-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Treatment effectiveness, generalizability, and the explanatory/pragmatic-trial distinction
Tresker, S. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03517-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clinical Trial Design—A Review—With Emphasis on Acute Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Jeffery, N. D., Olby, N. J., & Moore, S. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00583 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Explanatory and pragmatic trials in orthopaedics – Have we done the right studies?
Makaram, N. S., & Simpson, H. (2023) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.110905 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Berry, K., Wright, J., Sprange, K., Cooper, C. L., Courtney‐Walker, R., & Mountain, G. A. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2436 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tolppa, T., Hussaini, A., Ahmed, M. J., Bhattarai, A., Aryal, D., Hashmi, M., Dondorp, A. M., & Murthy, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111800 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Coding Techniques for Microsoft Visual Basic .Net
Connell, J. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forty-five years of schizophrenia trials in Italy: a survey
Purgato, M., Adams, C. E., & Barbui, C. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-35 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGalindo, M. S., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Garancher, L., Miller, J. B., Gomes, J. H., Sanna, A., Peterka, C., Cairo, H., Hiwat, H., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-764314/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pragmatic Trials: Solving the Dilemma of Psychiatric Nonadherence
Higdon, C., Eichenbaum, R. M., & DelBello, M. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12665-0_13
Randomized Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine
Sepehrvand, N. (2020) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-38jh-s058
Kaczyński, Ł., & Solnica, B. (2013) · Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences · doi:10.12923/j.2084-980x/26.3/a.11
Crull, E., O'Brien, E. C., Antiperovitch, P., Asfaw, K., Beatty, A. L., Djibo, D. A., Kaul, A. F., Kornak, J., Marcus, G. M., Modrow, M. F., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.58097
Crull, E., O'Brien, E. C., Antiperovitch, P., Asfaw, K., Beatty, A. L., Djibo, D. A., Kaul, A. F., Kornak, J., Marcus, G. M., Modrow, M. F., et al. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/58097
Anis, L., Benzies, K., Ewashen, C., Hart, M. J., & Letourneau, N. L. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12121605
Weiss, S. L., Balamuth, F., Long, E., Thompson, G. C., Hayes, K. L., Katcoff, H., Cook, M., Tsemberis, E., Hickey, C. P., Williams, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16944422
Weiss, S. L., Balamuth, F., Long, E., Thompson, G. C., Hayes, K. L., Katcoff, H., Cook, M., Tsemberis, E., Hickey, C. P., Williams, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16944416
Galindo, M. S., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Garancher, L., Miller, J. B., Gomes, J. H., Sanna, A., Peterka, C., Cairo, H., Hiwat, H., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19607421
Doval, R. V., Sáez‐Benito, L., Gastelurrutia, M. A., Benrimoj, S. I., Garcia-Cardenas, V., & Martinez-Martínez, F. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14053533
Weiss, S. L., Balamuth, F., Long, E., Thompson, G. C., Hayes, K. L., Katcoff, H., Cook, M., Tsemberis, E., Hickey, C. P., Williams, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16944425
Galindo, M. S., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Garancher, L., Miller, J. B., Gomes, J. H., Sanna, A., Peterka, C., Cairo, H., Hiwat, H., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19607418
Galindo, M. S., Lambert, Y., Mutricy, L., Garancher, L., Miller, J. B., Gomes, J. H., Sanna, A., Peterka, C., Cairo, H., Hiwat, H., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19607424
Weiss, S. L., Balamuth, F., Long, E., Thompson, G. C., Hayes, K. L., Katcoff, H., Cook, M., Tsemberis, E., Hickey, C. P., Williams, A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16944419
Synthesizing Computational Stylistics, Pragmatic Theory, and Generative AI for Translation Pedagogy
Alsheikhidris, M. A. F. A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8317-0.ch002
- Authors
- Tosh, G., Soares-Weiser, K., & Adams, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Psychiatrist, East Midlands Workforce Deanery, Nottingham, UK
- Director, Enhance Reviews Ltd, Oxford, UK
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Adams, Clive E.
- ORCID
- Adams, Clive E.
- Venue
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-06-30
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 209-215
- ISSN
- 1294-8322 (ISSN-L)
- 1958-5969
- PMC
- PMC3182001
- OpenAlex
- W4322697870
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- pragmatic trials, explanatory trials, Precis, trial protocol design, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Decision Making, Humans, Research Design, Antipsychotic Agents, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
