A pragmatic–explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers
Open accessAbstract
Objective To propose a tool to assist trialists in making design decisions that are consistent with their trial's stated purpose. Study design and setting Randomized trials have been broadly categorized as either having a pragmatic or explanatory attitude. Pragmatic trials seek to answer the question, "Does this intervention work under usual conditions?," whereas explanatory trials are focused on the question, "Can this intervention work under ideal conditions?" Design decisions make a trial more (or less) pragmatic or explanatory, but no tool currently exists to help researchers make the best decisions possible in accordance with their trial's primary goal. During the course of two international meetings, participants with experience in clinical care, research commissioning, health care financing, trial methodology, and reporting defined and refined aspects of trial design that distinguish pragmatic attitudes from explanatory. Results We have developed a tool (called PRECIS) with 10 key domains and which identifies criteria to help researchers determine how pragmatic or explanatory their trial is. The assessment is summarized graphically. Conclusion We believe that PRECIS is a useful first step toward a tool that can help trialists to ensure that their design decisions are consistent with the stated purpose of the trial.
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We interpret the effects reported in Grieve et al. (2022) as those of a randomized field or pragmatic trials.
“As such, we interpret the effects reported in Grieve et al . (2022) as those of a randomized field or pragmatic trials (Thorpe et al ., 2009; Torgerson and Torgerson, 2008; Tosh et al ., 2011).”
From The impact of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: a reinterpretation through the lens of the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (2024) · cites this paper as Thorpe et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., Tunis, S., Bergel, E., Harvey, I., Magid, D. J., & Chalkidou, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Center for Medical Technology Policy (US)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thorpe, Kevin E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 464-475
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2128659393
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 55.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- Precis, pragmatic trials, explanatory trials, trial design, research questions, design decision-making, clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Decision Making, Humans, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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