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Long-term Psychological and Occupational Effects of Providing Hospital Healthcare during SARS Outbreak
Open accessAbstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) found the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to be stressful, but the long-term impact is not known.From 13 to 26 months after the SARS outbreak, 769 HCWs at 9 Toronto hospitals that treated SARS patients and 4 Hamilton hospitals that did not treat SARS patients completed a survey of several adverse outcomes.Toronto HCWs reported significantly higher levels of burnout (p = 0.019), psychological distress (p<0.001), and posttraumatic stress (p<0.001).Toronto workers were more likely to have reduced patient contact and work hours and to report behavioral consequences of stress.Variance in adverse outcomes was explained by a protective effect of the perceived adequacy of training and support and by a provocative effect of maladaptive coping style and other individual factors.The results reinforce the value of effective staff support and training in preparation for future outbreaks.S evere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged from Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China, in November 2002 and spread rapidly; transmission occurred primarily in hospitals, often to healthcare workers (HCWs).Although initially virtually no literature was available to guide expectations of how an emerging infection would affect the psychological well-being of hospital staff (1), by the summer of 2003 the acute psychological impact of SARS had been widely studied.Significant emotional distress was present in 18%-57% of HCWs (2-6) and was associated with quarantine (7), fear of contagion (6,8,9), concern for family (5,9,10), job stress (6,9), interpersonal isolation (6,9), perceived stigma (6,7,11), conscription of nonspecialists into infectious disease work (12), and attachment insecurity (10).Working in SARS-affected hospitals could have been traumatic for some HCWs (i.e., an event that "threatens an individual's life or physical integrity and involves a subjective response of fear, helplessness, or horror" [13]).Before the SARS coronavirus was identified (14-17), SARS was an infection of unknown cause, unknown mode of transmission, global spread, and high mortality, characteristics that generally increase perceived risk (18).However, although the SARS outbreak was acutely stressful, the longer term impact of SARS on HCWs is unknown.Understanding the enduring occupational and psychological effects of working during this SARS outbreak is important because it involves the well-being of large numbers of HCWs.Additionally, this information has wider relevance to health systems in planning for emerging infections, including pandemic influenza (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/inforesources/en) and the potential for bioterrorism (19).
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“Following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, health-care workers reported chronic stress effects for months to years.4”
From COVID-19: a heavy toll on health-care workers (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Such an extraordinary event will have long-term effects on mental health according to previous studies of epidemics and quarantine (Maunder et al., 2006; Brooks S. K. et al., 2020; Kisely et al., 2020).”
From Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Immediate Impact (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2006
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COVID-19 pandemic: the impact on Canada’s intensive care units
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BackgroundBehavioral Health Support for Patients, Families, and Healthcare Workers
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“and the value of effective support [22].”
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“In a previous paper summarizing our findings of a much smaller, department based survey, we have discussed the urgent need for mental health support and early recognition of psychological distress among HCW and various factors that contribute to increased psychological stress during such major disease outbreaks includ…”
BackgroundMental health assessment of Spanish frontline healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Sangrà, P. S., Ribeiro, T. C., Esteban‐Sepúlveda, S., Pagès, E. G., López, B., Aguiló, J., Moya-Prats, J. L. P., Pintor, L., & Mir, S. A. (2021) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.11.007 · Cited by 17
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van Dijk, Y., Janus, S. I. M., de Boer, M. R., Achterberg, W. P., Roelen, C. A. M., & Zuidema, S. U. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074379 · Cited by 14
“According to the literature about earlier pandemics [40,41], it is expected that only acute stress reactions are present in this phase of the pandemic.”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Pi, D., Liu, C., Li, J., & Xu, F. H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265377 · Cited by 15
“Exposure history appears controversial as a risk factor [21, 53, 54].”
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“…other high pressure or workload conditions, fewer studies reported on factors such as general increased workload [29, 68], ward type [44, 51, 72, 76, 87, 105], contact with COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients [30, 61, 72, 76, 77, 99], patient load and adequate…”
InfluentialWorking Experience of Nurses at a COVID-19 Dedicated Hospital
Oh, I. O., Yoon, S. J., & Nam, K. A. (2021) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2021.33.6.657 · Cited by 14
Pilot Study on the Impact of Gratitude Journaling or Cognitive Strategies on Health Care Workers
Roche, K., Mulchan, S. S., Ayr-Volta, L., Elias, M., Brimacombe, M. B., Morello, C., & Hinderer, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.02.002 · Cited by 16
Han, S. J., Lee, S.-Y., & Kim, S.-E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11192695 · Cited by 15
“After the SARS outbreak in Canada, frontline healthcare workers reported higher levels of burnout, psychological distress, and PTSD compared to those who did not care for patients with SARS [11].”
BackgroundHu, Z., & Chen, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00265 · Cited by 14
“Healthcare providers who participated in the fight against the previous 2003 SARS outbreak have experienced a broad range of psychological problems, including stress, depression, and anxiety, some of which have persisted for several months after the outbreak (9).”
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Bates, A., Ottaway, J., Moyses, H., Perrrow, M., Rushbrook, S., & Cusack, R. (2020) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/1751143720965109 · Cited by 13
“At the final assessment, 26 months post outbreak, significant psychopathology remained and was associated with decreased patient contact and working hours with increased absenteeism and substance abuse disorders.(6)”
BackgroundTan, D. H. S., Chan, A. K., Jüni, P., TOMLINSON, G. A., Daneman, N., Walmsley, S. L., Muller, M. P., Fowler, R. A., Murthy, S., Press, N., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05134-7 · Cited by 15
“Additional questions related to practical and functional impacts of COVID-19 exposure and used in previous studies on the impact of the SARS epidemic will be included at this time point also [48].”
MethodInfluentialAn Exploratory Study on COVID-19 Phobia and Influencing Factors
Moon, J., Kim, S.-J., & Kiok, S. (2021) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2021.01.32.1.285 · Cited by 18
“그 외 다수의 선행연구 (Maunder et al., 2006; Chua et al., 2004; Hawryluck et al., 2004; Lau et al., 2008; Nickell et al., 2004)를 통해서도 종교는 신종 감 염병에 대한 두려움에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다.”
InfluentialSpiritual Health First Aid for Self-Care
Green, C. (2021) · Journal of Christian Nursing · doi:10.1097/cnj.0000000000000851 · Cited by 14
Türkili, S., Uysal, Y., Tot, Ş., & Mert, E. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.853344 · Cited by 14
Pain Management in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Healthcare workers' sleep quality after COVID‐19 infection: A cross‐sectional study
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Psychological impact of COVID-19 on health-care workers
Mousavi, M., Ahmadi, N., Ghaheh, H. S., Vaezi, A., & Javanmard, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_1046_20 · Cited by 15
“[2] Working as a frontline HCW in times of health crisis can increase the risk of mental problems in the short and long term.[3,4] Previous studies in outbreaks of SARS and MERS revealed that HCWs in comparison to the normal population may suffer more frequently from Background: Health‐care workers (HCWs) as frontline…”
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Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, S.-F., Li, W., Zhang, L., Guo, T., Cheung, T. C. C., Jackson, T., Yang, B. X., & Xiang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.104 · Cited by 15
“…the manifestation of “Loss of energy” might be attributed, in part, to a less physically active lifestyle imposed by the lockdown experience (McIlvenny et al., 2000; Stewart et al., 1998) and lack of physical exercise might contribute to declines in general health status (Biddle et al.,…”
BackgroundPerego, G., Cugnata, F., Brombin, C., Milano, F., Mazzetti, M., Taranto, P., Preti, E., Pierro, R. D., Panfilis, C. D., Madeddu, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053231168040 · Cited by 14
“Among the literature on previous epidemics, the longitudinal studies conducted after the SARS outbreak (Lancee et al., 2008; Leung et al., 2005; Maunder et al., 2006) highlighted subclinical levels of psychiatric symptoms among most healthcare workers facing the epidemic and psychological…”
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Park, C. H. K., Ju, G., Yi, K., Lee, S., Suh, S. A., & Chung, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701543 · Cited by 13
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Professional aspects of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)
Gorblyansky, Y. Y., Kontorovich, E. P., Ponamareva, О. P., & Volynskaya, E. I. (2021) · Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology · doi:10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-2-103-114 · Cited by 13
“Врачи, оказывающие медицинскую помощь во время пандемии, сталкиваются со значительно более высоким риском развития долговременных проблем с психическим здоровьем из-за хронического стресса или переживания травмирующих ситуаций [65].”
Dolić, M., Antičević, V., Dolić, K., & Pogorelić, Z. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9080930 · Cited by 14
Steinmetz, L. C. L., Herrera, C. R., Fong, S. B., & Godoy, J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00667-z · Cited by 12
Kang, B., Kwon, S., You, M., & Lee, H. (2021) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2021-107635 · Cited by 13
Sleep patterns of US healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Hassinger, A. B., Breuer, R. K., & Mishra, A. (2021) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-021-02515-9 · Cited by 13
Mental Health of Nurses during the Fourth Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
Dziedzic, B., Kobos, E., Sienkiewicz, Z., & Idzik, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031785 · Cited by 13
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“Previous studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak found that COVID-19 treating frontline healthcare professionals experienced a higher risk of psychological problems such as distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and burnout compared to their non-COVID-19 treating frontline counterpar…”
BackgroundSzczerbińska, K. E., Barańska, I., Kijowska, V., Stodolska, A., Wójcik, G., Różańska, A., & Wójkowska‐Mach, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16654 · Cited by 15
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Neil‐Sztramko, S., Belita, E., Hopkins, S., Sherifali, D., Anderson, L. N., Apatu, E., Kapiriri, L., Tarride, J. E., Bellefleur, O., Kaasalainen, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1282296 · Cited by 16
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COVID-19 Salgınında Stres: Olumsuz, Olumlu Sonuçları ve Önleyici Müdahalenin Olası Rolü
Arıkan, G. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.752541 · Cited by 12
Exploring rural doctors’ early experiences of coping with the emerging COVID‐19 pandemic
Couper, I. D., Walters, L., Williams, S. S., Campbell, D., White, I., Stewart, R., & Konkin, J. (2022) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12654 · Cited by 12
Green, G., Sharon, C., & Gendler, Y. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10050837 · Cited by 12
“Research shows that these health care workers operated under high-stress levels [7,8], reported reluctance to work or the contemplation of resignation, and experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression, which could have long-term psychological implications [7,9].”
BackgroundDublin hospital workers’ mental health during the peak of Ireland’s COVID-19 pandemic
Brady, C., Fenton, C., Loughran, O., Hayes, B., Hennessy, M., Higgins, A., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2022) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-022-03056-0 · Cited by 12
Johnston, K., O’Reilly, C. L., Scholz, B., Georgousopoulou, E. N., & Mitchell, I. (2022) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.09.012 · Cited by 12
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Sleep disturbances in nurse managers during the early and late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Boned-Galán, Á., López-Ibort, N., & Gascón-Catalán, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070355 · Cited by 10
“, 2021), even more so when it occurs in the context of a pandemic and the population studied includes health professionals (Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLim, S., Park, H. J., & Kim, S. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1813 · Cited by 11
“In addition, emotional distress due to unfamiliar work and the heavy workload was another stressor among nurses in this study, consistent with previous studies from outbreaks such as SARS, MERS and Ebola (Lee et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2019; Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDamico, V., Murano, L., Demoro, G., Russello, G., Cataldi, G., & D'Alessandro, A. (2020) · PROFESSIONI INFERMIERISTICHE · doi:10.7429/pi.2020.734250 · Cited by 12
Jamieson, I., Andrew, C., King, J., & Canterbury District Health Board (2021) · Nursing Praxis in Aotearoa New Zealand · doi:10.36951/27034542.2021.035 · Cited by 12
Shiloh, S., Peleg, S., & Nudelman, G. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2030480 · Cited by 12
“Follow-up studies on long-term impacts of previous pandemics, like SARS in 2002, suggested that depression, anxiety, stress, and impaired quality of life can endure for years post-outbreak (Bonanno et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2012; Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHaslam, S. K., Wade, A., Macdonald, L. K., Johnson, J., & Rock, L. D. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 12
Covid-19 and its impact on global mental health
Kuriala, G. K. (2021) · Sensors International · doi:10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100108 · Cited by 13
“Further, the long-term adverse health outcomes among the SARS survivors are also a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity [17].”
The COVID-19 pandemic and the military: Lessons learned for readiness and resilience
Griffith, R., Dostal, C., Moon, N. A., & Fedele, D. J. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2237392 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, other studies highlight potential individual effects, such as wellness (Maunder et al., 2006), mental health (Han et al., 2020), PTSD (Reger & Rothbaum, 2020), and sexual assault (Leardmann et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKok, N., Zegers, M., Fuchs, M., van der Hoeven, H., Hoedemaekers, C., & van Gurp, J. L. P. (2023) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005766 · Cited by 11
Maganur, P. C., Ramya, H. K., Vishwanathaiah, S., & Patil, S. (2020) · The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2836 · Cited by 11
Ciułkowicz, M., Maciaszek, J., Misiak, B., Pałęga, A., Rymaszewska, J., & Szcześniak, D. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.663224 · Cited by 12
“According to previous studies, healthcare workers reported high-stress levels during the past epidemics (SARS andMERS) (48, 49).”
ResultChan, L. G., Tan, P. L. L., Sim, K., Tan, M. Y., Goh, K. H., Su, P., Tan, A. K. H., Lee, E. S., Tan, S. Y., Lim, W. P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051895 · Cited by 11
Kachadourian, L. K., Murrough, J. W., Kaplan, C. A., Kaplan, S., Feingold, J. H., Feder, A., Charney, D. S., Southwick, S. M., Peccoralo, L. A., DePierro, J. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.034 · Cited by 11
Rosen, B., Preisman, M., Read, H., Chaukos, D. C., Greenberg, R. A., Jeffs, L. P., Maunder, R., & Wiesenfeld, L. A. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08131-x · Cited by 11
Self-citationLeigh, J. P., Mizen, S. J., Moss, S. J., Brundin‐Mather, R., de Grood, C., Dodds, A., Honarmand, K., Shah, S., & Mehta, S. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-022-02377-z · Cited by 11
“Developing a deeper understanding of the impacts of pandemics on the work and personal lives of HCWs in ICUs is essential to helping healthcare systems navigate health crises, mitigate disastrous long-term implications, and plan for future health threats.(10,30) The purpose of this study was to explore the lived exper…”
BackgroundCherry, N., Adisesh, A., Burstyn, I., Durand-Moreau, Q. V., Galarneau, J.-M. F., Labrèche, F., Ruzycki, S. M., & Zadunayski, T. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074716 · Cited by 11
Finell, E., & Vainio, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207623 · Cited by 16
“Accordingly, confidence in protective measures has been found to be associated with reduced psychological symptoms [13,19,20].”
BackgroundDoctors’ shortage in adults COVID-19 units: a call for pediatricians
Buonsenso, D., Rose, C. D., & Pierantoni, L. (2021) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-021-03995-3 · Cited by 11
Lion, P., McClenaghan, F., Hall, A., Mackinnon, S., & Navaratnam, A. V. (2021) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215121000840 · Cited by 11
Ashraf, F., Zareen, G., Nusrat, A., Arif, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647821 · Cited by 11
“This finding is also consistent with the psychological impact of SARS on subjective satisfaction with life (Maunder et al., 2006; Lau et al., 2008).”
ResultAustin, E. J., Blacker, A., & Kalia, I. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12269 · Cited by 12
“…other crises, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak or the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, has highlighted that the psychological effects of working as a HCP during a crisis continue long after the immediate threat diminishes (Maunder et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPrešove, P. U. V., Džuka, J., Klučárová, Z., & Babinčák, P. (2021) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.65.2.125 · Cited by 11
Caring for the carers: a COVID-19 psychological support programme
Lamb, D., Simms, A., Greenberg, N. L., & Withnall, R. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001854 · Cited by 11
Major, A., & Hlubocky, F. J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.21249166 · Cited by 11
Huysmans, E., Audet, C., Delvaux, T., Galle, A., Semaan, A. T., Asefa, A., & Beňová, L. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.21257440 · Cited by 11
“Mental exhaustion and anger (7), increasing levels of stress due to the risk of infection (8), and higher risks of burnout and psychosocial distress (9) were among the most frequently reported negative consequences.”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Management of the Critically Ill Adult With SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Chivukula, R. R., Maley, J. H., Dudzinski, D. M., Hibbert, K. A., & Hardin, C. C. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066620969132 · Cited by 10
An Executive Strategy to Support Long-Term Clinician Engagement Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Berkow, S., Virkstis, K., Herleth, A., Whitemarsh, K., & Rewers, L. (2020) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000946 · Cited by 10
“Researchon clinicianwell-being from the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic indicates that theCOVID-19 pandemicmay negatively impact clinician mental health in the long-term.(2) As many US cities continue to see a high number of COVID-19 cases,(3) health system executives face a plethora of new challenges…”
BackgroundTouhami, Y. O. H., Maiouak, M., Ouraghene, A., Hammani, Z., Abdi, C. M. F., Benhammou, I., Tahiri, S., Rabhi, S., Bennani, B., Bout, A., et al. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2067574 · Cited by 11
“The main concern is that such mental health issues could endure long-term deleterious effects (Maunder et al., 2006); these effects would affect the mental health of healthcare professionals and consequently the patients care, therefore the control over the epidemic.”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Xiong, Y., Zhang, L., Jiang, X., Zhuang, X., Meng, L., Peng, L., & Wu, J. (2022) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2022.138 · Cited by 10
Psychosocial Stressors of COVID-19– and Non-COVID-19–Dedicated Nurses: A Comparative Study
Kim, S., & Yang, J. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20220804-01 · Cited by 10
Professional values and ethical sensitivities of nurses in COVID‐19 pandemic
Yıldırım, D., & Kocatepe, V. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12797 · Cited by 10
Yan, S., Wang, W., Kuang, S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04500-9 · Cited by 12
The mediation effect analysis of nurse’s mental health status and burnout under COVID-19 epidemic
Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Chen, Y., & Tu, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1221501 · Cited by 12
Bilingualism and COVID-19: using a second language during a health crisis
Schroeder, S. R., & Chen, P. (2021) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1864611 · Cited by 10
“coronavirus outbreak in 2003 [24,25], psychotherapy will be needed for many patients after the COVID-19 outbreak.”
BackgroundPsychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the staff of a French hospital
Flateau, C., Noël, C., Bonnafoux, A., Fuentes, E. R., de Pontfarcy, A., & Diamantis, S. (2021) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2021.01.007 · Cited by 10
Psychological Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nurses and Protection of Mental Health
Ataç, M., & Kaplan, A. (2021) · Journal of Education and Research in Nursing · doi:10.5152/jern.2021.58855 · Cited by 9
Warren, A. M., Bennett, M., Danesh, V. C., Waddimba, A. C., Tovar, M., Gottlieb, R., & Powers, M. B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100005 · Cited by 10
van Leeuwen, E. H., Taris, T. W., van Rensen, E. L. J., Knies, E., & Lammers, J. J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050962 · Cited by 12
Mihailovic, M., Garcia, D., Amato, C., Lindskär, E., Rosenberg, P., Björk, E., Lester, N. C., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2021.100058 · Cited by 12
“…the 2003 outbreak, healthcare workers reported sustained long-term effects even 1 – 2 years after the outbreak, such as, higher burnout, psychological distress, emotional exhaustion, anger, avoidance behavior, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Marjanovic et al., 2007; Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundAgustina, T. S., Rarastanti, P. D., & Hidayat, A. F. (2021) · Shirkah Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.22515/shirkah.v6i3.379 · Cited by 10
The Experiences of Nurses in Care Provision to COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Study
Mokhtari, R., Yaghoobzadeh, A., Abdi, K., Sajadi, M., Jaras, M., & Golitaleb, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.766880 · Cited by 11
Maunder, R., Kiss, A., Heeney, N. D., Wallwork, E., Hunter, J., Johnstone, J., Wiesenfeld, L. A., Jeffs, L. P., McGeer, A., Lee, K., et al. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.06.005 · Cited by 10
“Based on previous research [31], we assumed 30.”
Self-citationMacKenzie, M., Daviskiba, S. E., Dow, M., Johnston, P., Balon, R., Javanbakht, A., & Arfken, C. L. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09870-y · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Maunder, R., Lancee, W., Balderson, K., Bennett, J., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C., Goldbloom, D., Gupta, M., Hunter, J., McGillis Hall, L., Nagle, L., Pain, C., Peczeniuk, S., Raymond, G., Read, N., Rourke, S., Steinberg, R., Stewart, T., VanDeVelde-Coke, S., Veldhorst, G., & Wasylenki, D.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Scarborough Health Network (CA)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Maunder, Robert
- Lancee, William
- Bennett, Jocelyn
- Borgundvaag, Bjug
- Goldbloom, David
- Hunter, Jonathan
- Pain, Clare
- Steinberg, Rosalie
- Stewart, Thomas
- ORCID
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1924-1932
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3291360
- OpenAlex
- W1985834457
- Cited by
- 1,109
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 223 · 2021: 335 · 2020: 259 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (67807)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- SARS, healthcare workers, burnout, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, occupational stress, coping styles, staff training and support, hospital staff well-being, stigma, working time reduction, insecure attachment, risk perception, 2003 SARS outbreak
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Data Collection, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Male, Ontario, Personnel, Hospital, Regression Analysis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
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