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Long-term Psychological and Occupational Effects of Providing Hospital Healthcare during SARS Outbreak
Open accessAbstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) found the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to be stressful, but the long-term impact is not known.From 13 to 26 months after the SARS outbreak, 769 HCWs at 9 Toronto hospitals that treated SARS patients and 4 Hamilton hospitals that did not treat SARS patients completed a survey of several adverse outcomes.Toronto HCWs reported significantly higher levels of burnout (p = 0.019), psychological distress (p<0.001), and posttraumatic stress (p<0.001).Toronto workers were more likely to have reduced patient contact and work hours and to report behavioral consequences of stress.Variance in adverse outcomes was explained by a protective effect of the perceived adequacy of training and support and by a provocative effect of maladaptive coping style and other individual factors.The results reinforce the value of effective staff support and training in preparation for future outbreaks.S evere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged from Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China, in November 2002 and spread rapidly; transmission occurred primarily in hospitals, often to healthcare workers (HCWs).Although initially virtually no literature was available to guide expectations of how an emerging infection would affect the psychological well-being of hospital staff (1), by the summer of 2003 the acute psychological impact of SARS had been widely studied.Significant emotional distress was present in 18%-57% of HCWs (2-6) and was associated with quarantine (7), fear of contagion (6,8,9), concern for family (5,9,10), job stress (6,9), interpersonal isolation (6,9), perceived stigma (6,7,11), conscription of nonspecialists into infectious disease work (12), and attachment insecurity (10).Working in SARS-affected hospitals could have been traumatic for some HCWs (i.e., an event that "threatens an individual's life or physical integrity and involves a subjective response of fear, helplessness, or horror" [13]).Before the SARS coronavirus was identified (14-17), SARS was an infection of unknown cause, unknown mode of transmission, global spread, and high mortality, characteristics that generally increase perceived risk (18).However, although the SARS outbreak was acutely stressful, the longer term impact of SARS on HCWs is unknown.Understanding the enduring occupational and psychological effects of working during this SARS outbreak is important because it involves the well-being of large numbers of HCWs.Additionally, this information has wider relevance to health systems in planning for emerging infections, including pandemic influenza (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/inforesources/en) and the potential for bioterrorism (19).
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“Following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, health-care workers reported chronic stress effects for months to years.4”
From COVID-19: a heavy toll on health-care workers (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Such an extraordinary event will have long-term effects on mental health according to previous studies of epidemics and quarantine (Maunder et al., 2006; Brooks S. K. et al., 2020; Kisely et al., 2020).”
From Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Immediate Impact (2020) · cites this paper as Maunder et al., 2006
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Rota, P. A., Oberste, M. S., Monroe, S. S., Nix, W. A., Campagnoli, R. P., Icenogle, J. P., Peñaranda, S., Bankamp, B., Maher, K., Chen, M., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1085952 · Cited by 2,477 · cited 1×
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ResultBurnout and Mental Health of COVID-19 Frontline Healthcare Workers: Results from an Online Survey
Babamiri, M., Bashirian, S., Khazaei, S., Sohrabi, M. S., Heidarimoghadam, R., Mortezapoor, A., & Zareian, S. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i2.8903 · Cited by 24
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BackgroundA scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses
Rahman, A. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008 · Cited by 29
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“Maunder and colleagues [20] showed in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that the symptoms of overwork and emotional exhaustion were usually only noticed when a recovery phase occured during a pandemic.”
BackgroundRoberts, T., Daniels, J., Hulme, W. J., Horner, D. E., Lyttle, M. D., Samuel, K., Graham, B., Hirst, R., Reynard, C., Barrett, M. J., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039851 · Cited by 23
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Katzman, J. G., Tomedi, L. E., Everly, G. S., Greenwood‐Ericksen, M. B., Romero, E., Rosenbaum, N. A., Medrano, J., Menking, P., Archer, G. R. D., Martin, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094900 · Cited by 23
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“The importance of the perceived quality of the training received has been underlined by the previous literature on outbreaks, indicating that those who perceive their training as inadequate were more likely to develop burnout, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and longer prolonged perceived risk even after the health em…”
BackgroundThe Effectiveness of Healthcare System Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study
Borzuchowska, M., Kilańska, D. M., Kozłowski, R., Iltchev, P., Czapla, T., Marczewska, S., & Marczak, M. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050946 · Cited by 20
“During the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, nurses experienced more stress than other hospital staff [2,3].”
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Impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on French Health students
Rolland, F., Frajerman, A., Falissard, B., Bertschy, G., Diquet, B., & Marra, D. (2022) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.12.004 · Cited by 21
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“…≤ .01. aThe analyses were performed on participants who reported identifying as woman or man. survey conducted 13– 26 months after the SARS outbreak in Canada, Maunder et al. (2006) reported that perceived adequacy of training and support had a protective effect on the psychological health of…”
BackgroundPerego, G., Cugnata, F., Brombin, C., Milano, F., Preti, E., Pierro, R. D., Panfilis, C. D., Madeddu, F., & Mattei, V. E. D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11092317 · Cited by 22
“This result is in line with the literature showing perceived adequacy of training as a protective factor for longterm psychiatric morbidity [57], post-traumatic stress [58,59], and burnout [58] in previous epidemics.”
ResultSchrempft, S., Pullen, N., Baysson, H., Wisniak, A., Zaballa, M.-E., Pennacchio, F., Vollenweider, P., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Preisig, M., Guessous, I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.042 · Cited by 24
Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the COVID-19 Impact Scale in university students
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“The 10 studies that focused on longer-term outcomes were conducted six (41, 42), eight (43), 12 (43, 44), 13–26 (45), 16–27 (46), 24 (47), 30 (48), and 36 months (49) after services began returning to normal.”
BackgroundInfluentialAbuzied, Y., Al-Amer, R. M., Somduth, S., Silva, G., Muthuraj, A., AlEnizi, S., & Alghamdi, K. (2021) · Global Journal on Quality and Safety in Healthcare · doi:10.36401/jqsh-21-1 · Cited by 21
“A similar discovery was made during the SARS epidemic in Canada, in which nurses and respiratory therapists reported high levels of psychological distress due to fear, social isolation, and work pressure.([10,14]) To sum up, it is important to closely monitor the mental health status of healthcare professionals([15])…”
BackgroundAn exploratory study of changes in consumer dining out behavior before and during COVID-19
Ko, Y. H., Son, J. H., & Kim, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2022.2036569 · Cited by 22
“If a country acts correctly, its people can feel more secure (Deurenberg-Yap et al., 2005; Maunder et al., 2006; Radosavljević & Jakovljević, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialNovel coronavirus pandemic and burnout of healthcare workers
Melentev, A. V., Babanov, S. A., Ostryakova, N. А., & Agarkova, A. S. (2022) · Hygiene and Sanitation · doi:10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-8-935-939 · Cited by 22
Burnout among Health Care Professionals during COVID-19
Innstrand, S. T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811807 · Cited by 26
“, reduced contact with patients, reduced work hours, maladaptive behavior, and absences due to sickness) continued to impact HCPs working with SARS patients 1–2 years after the outbreak [7].”
BackgroundHalsall, L., Irizar, P., Burton, S. P., Waring, S., Giles, S., Goodwin, L., & Jones, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1304468 · Cited by 21
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy learners and preceptors
Louiselle, K., Elson, E. C., Oschman, A., & Duehlmeyer, S. R. (2020) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa127 · Cited by 21
Hong, X., Cao, J., Wei, J., Duan, Y., Zhao, X., Jiang, J., Jiang, Y., Geng, W., & Zhu, H. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.32 · Cited by 22
Fear, anxiety, burnout, and insomnia levels of healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in TurkeyPreprint
Yılmaz, Y., Erdogan, A. R., & Bahadır, E. (2022) · doi:10.22541/au.164864621.11164274/v1 · Cited by 21
“In a study, severe PTSD and burnout symptoms persisted in HCWs for 13 to 26 months after the 2003 SARS outbreak (Maunder et al. 2006).”
BackgroundOpie, E., Brooks, S. K., Greenberg, N. L., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02593-1 · Cited by 23
“Psychological distress / morbidity Age [7, 26, 41, 60] / [23, 24, 49, 61–63] Gender [23] / [41, 49, 55, 61, 63] Ethnicity / [23, 49, 63] Education / [49, 58, 63] Marital status [7] / [24, 26, 61] Income / [23, 49] Social class / [62]”
BackgroundStandiford, T. C., Davuluri, K., Trupiano, N. E., Portney, D. S., Gruppen, L. D., & Vinson, A. H. (2020) · BMJ Leader · doi:10.1136/leader-2020-000344 · Cited by 20
Psychological Distress Reported by Primary Care Physicians in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zeng, X., Peng, T., Hao, X., Zou, C., Lin, K., Liao, X., Chen, S., & Hayhoe, B. W. J. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000939 · Cited by 20
“The development of the survey was informed by evidence documenting the psychological distress on health care workers of diseases like SARS (14,15), Avian influenza (12), Ebola (13), and H1N1 (16).”
BackgroundInfluentialAbdelghani, M., Hassan, M. S., Elgohary, H. M., & Fouad, E. A. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00357-6 · Cited by 21
“Studies of previous pandemics and outbreaks also revealed that inadequate staff training [29], inadequate organizational support [30], frustration about the efficacy of precautionary measures [31], being less experienced [32], and lack of confidence in infection control and caring for affected medical colleagues durin…”
BackgroundBurnout in surgeons: A qualitative investigation into contributors and potential solutions
Al-Ghunaim, T. A., Johnson, J., Biyani, C. S., & O'Connor, D. B. (2022) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106613 · Cited by 22
Psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: cross-sectional analyses from 14 countries
Ghozy, S. A., Cross, W. M., Islam, S. M. S., Al‐Mawali, A., AlQurashi, A., Hamza, A., Joseph, B., Banik, B., Elsori, D. H., Sultana, F., et al. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.35 · Cited by 19
“Nurses also reported high stress levels because they usually had more frequent contact with COVID-19 cases, higher workloads, and were more frequently females (Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundNicolakakis, N., Lafantaisie, M., Letellier, M.-C., Biron, C., Vézina, M., Jauvin, N., Vivion, M., & Pelletier, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159653 · Cited by 21
“…to the intervention) or not integrated in analyses (i.e., age, having children)) Study reporting on the association between perception of adequate PPE, training and support and mental health indicators 13–25 months after SARS outbreak (no intervention described per se) (Maunder et al. 2006) [47]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHernández‐Bojorge, S., Campos, A., Parikh, J., Beckstead, J. W., Lajeunesse, M. J., & Wildman, D. E. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13257 · Cited by 37
Quarantine and its legal dimension
KILIÇ, R., Hatipoğlu, Ç. A., & GÜNEŞ, C. (2020) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-2004-153 · Cited by 20
Silverberg, S. L., Ritchie, L. M. P., Gobat, N., & Murthy, S. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-021-02028-9 · Cited by 22
“Percentages on each question, from left to right, represent the percent who disagreed with the question (strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree), those who neither agreed nor disagreed (in grey bar), and those who affirmed the question (somewhat agree, agree, strongly agree). working during outbreaks, despite…”
BackgroundAlah, M. A., Ali, K., Abdeen, S., Al-Jayyousi, G. F., Kasem, H. A., Poolakundan, F. J., Al-Mahbshii, S., & Bougmiza, I. M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07236 · Cited by 21
“…Nickell et al., 2004; Wadoo et al., 2021b; Wong et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2020), specialized training and previous experience working during crises (Maunder et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2007), being a high risk (frontline) worker (i.e. directly working with suspected or con fi rmed cases) (Abolfotouh…”
Roldán-Merino, J. F., Hurtado‐Pardos, B., Molina-Raya, L., Bande, D., Casas, I., & Farrés‐Tarafa, M. (2022) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1207 · Cited by 20
“Many studies evaluating the psychological impact of the similar situations, such as the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) of 2003 on healthcare workers working during the epidemic, have been published (Chua et al., 2004; Maunder et al., 2006; McAlonan et al., 2007).”
BackgroundZürcher, S. J., Kerksieck, P., Adamus, C., Burr, C. M., Lehmann, A. I., Huber, F. K., & Richter, D. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.20103788 · Cited by 20
Abdalla, M., Chiuzan, C. C., Shang, Y., Ko, G., Diaz, F., Shaw, K., McMurry, C. L., Cannone, D. E., Sullivan, A. M., Lee, S. A. J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178970 · Cited by 19
“Research on the SARS outbreak also indicates that HCWs with a greater exposure to infected patients saw sustained higher levels of distress and posttraumatic stress 1–2 years later [18].”
BackgroundThe urgency of wider adoption of one health approach for the prevention of a future pandemic
Hoque, M. N., Faisal, G. M., Chowdhury, F. R., Haque, A., & Islam, T. (2022) · International Journal of One Health · doi:10.14202/ijoh.2022.20-33 · Cited by 18
The Well-Being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
Mushtaq, H. A., Singh, S., Mir, M., Tekin, A., Singh, R., Lundeen, J., VanDevender, K., Dutt, T., Khan, S. A., Surani, S., et al. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.25065 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, short-term and long-term mental health services need to be made available to all healthcare professionals [47,49].”
BackgroundNyberg, A., Rajaleid, K., & Demmelmaier, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116783 · Cited by 21
Family‐centered care during a pandemic: The hidden impact of restricting family visits
Bouchoucha, S., & Bloomer, M. J. (2020) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12748 · Cited by 19
“…potential impact of compassion fatigue and burnout on nurses, evidence collected following the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (Maunder et al., 2006) showed that healthcare workers that cared for patients with SARS had higher levels of burnout, psychological distress and…”
Baka, Ł. (2021) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01745 · Cited by 20
Schlenz, M. A., Schmidt, A., Wöstmann, B., May, A., Howaldt, H., Albert, D., Ziedorn, D., Krämer, N., & Schulz‐Weidner, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18083940 · Cited by 21
“This is important because even under normal conditions, an appropriate nurse–patient ratio is necessary [32].”
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“Over the past two decades, novel viruses continuing to emerge, the number of reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic or highly transmitted infectious diseases has increased, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, and Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in 2014 (Houlihan and…”
InfluentialEl‐Monshed, A. H., Loutfy, A., Saad, M. T. E., Ali, A. S., El‐Gilany, A., Mohamed, A. S., Salah, M., & Zoromba, M. A. (2022) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.2896 · Cited by 19
Why we need to integrate mental health into pandemic planning
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Mental Health in Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bendau, A., Ströhle, A., & Petzold, M. B. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_41 · Cited by 17
Mental health in health professionals facing Covid-19: A systematic review
Scortegagna, S. A., de Lima, E. D. S., Pasian, S. R., & do Amparo, D. M. (2021) · Psicologia - Teoria e Prática · doi:10.5935/1980-6906/eptpc1913976 · Cited by 18
Impact of COVID-19 on post graduate medical education and training
Enujioke, S. C., McBrayer, K., Soe, K. C., Imburgia, T. M., & Robbins, C. L. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-03019-6 · Cited by 18
Alexiou, E., Steingrímsson, S., Åkerström, M., Jónsdóttir, I. H., Åhlström, L., Finizia, C. A., Wijk, H., & Degl’Innocenti, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.770955 · Cited by 20
“Occupational status Physician 49 (9) 141 (11)”
Carollo, A., Bizzego, A., Gabrieli, G., Wong, K. K., Raine, A., & Esposito, G. (2021) · Public Health in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100219 · Cited by 20
“From these previous health emergencies, short-and long-term effects on the healthcare workers ’ mental health, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [3,4], depression [5,6], anxiety [5], stress and burnout [3] symptoms were common [7].”
Dong, L., Meredith, L. S., Farmer, C. M., Ahluwalia, S. C., Chen, P. G., Bouskill, K., Han, B., Qureshi, N., Dalton, S. E., Watson, P., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106768 · Cited by 18
Koné, A., Horter, L., Rose, C. E., Rao, C. Y., Orquiola, D., Thomas, I. M., Byrkit, R., Bryant-Genevier, J., & Lopes-Cardozo, B. (2022) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.07.001 · Cited by 18
“[12] Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Balderson KE, Bennett JP, Borgundvaag B, Evans S, et al.”
Sampaio, F., Salgado, R., Antonini, M., Delmas, P., Bachmann, A. O., Gilles, I., & Bucher, C. O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114231 · Cited by 19
“These problems persisted for as long as two years after the end of the epidemic [13].”
BackgroundPrevalence and determinants of Italian physicians’ burnout in the “post-COVID-19” era
Fiabane, E., Margheritti, S., Aiello, E. N., Magnone, S., Miglioretti, M., Gabanelli, P., & Giorgi, I. (2022) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-022-01929-6 · Cited by 22
Jackson, L., Fallon, V., Harrold, J. A., & Pascalis, L. D. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13558 · Cited by 20
“…staff esteem and resilience to work collaboratively with women and their families during infant feeding discussions (Gustafsson et al., 2017; Maunder et al., 2006), and addressing institutional barriers surrounding insufficient staffing and time restraints (e.g., through active recruitment…”
BackgroundXu, F., Tang, J., Lu, S., Fang, H., Dong, L., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12428 · Cited by 18
“A study about the long-term effect of SARS patient care reported that healthcare providers felt high levels of posttraumatic stress even after 13-26 months (Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundAlam, M. D., Paul, S. K., Momi, M., Ni, L., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.852922 · Cited by 19
“The following were the criteria for inclusion: (1) be at least 18 years old, (2) living in Bangladesh at the time of the COVID-19, (3) willingness to engage in this study via online informed consent, (4) completion of the whole questionnaire, and (5) no history of mental health problems.”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of COVID-19 Impact Scale
Min, H., Kim, J., Moon, K., Lee, S., Kim, J.-Y., & Ko, Y.-G. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00793-w · Cited by 20
Berkhout, S., Billings, J., Seif, N. A., Singleton, D., Stein, H., Hegarty, S., Ondrušková, T., Soulios, E., Bloomfield, M., Greene, T., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2107810 · Cited by 18
Wang, B., Miao, Z., Wan, B., & Xu, X. (2020) · Stress and Brain · doi:10.26599/sab.2020.9060007 · Cited by 16
Moral Decision-Making in Healthcare and Medical Professions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Borhany, H., Golbabaei, S., Jameie, M., & Borhani, K. (2021) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-021-00118-7 · Cited by 17
“Evidence from the SARS pandemic also endorses that healthcare workers experienced long-term pandemic related stress (Maunder et al., 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundEkpenyong, B. N., Osuagwu, U. L., Miner, C. A., Ovenseri-Ogbomo, G. O., Abu, E. K., Goson, P. C., Langsi, R., Nwaeze, O., Timothy, C. G., Charwe, D. D., et al. (2021) · Health Security · doi:10.1089/hs.2020.0208 · Cited by 18
Alhalaiqa, F., Khalifeh, A. H., Omari, O. A., Yehia, D., & Khalil, M. M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679785 · Cited by 17
“Also, more healthcare experience enhances the resilience of HCWs who will face future disease outbreaks (Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundChahley, E. R., Reel, R. M., & Taylor, S. J. (2021) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2021.100026 · Cited by 17
Demilew, D., Angaw, D. A., Getnet, B., Tesfaye, B., Atnafu, A., Andualem, Z., & Kerebih, H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057197 · Cited by 17
Lu, Z.-A., Shi, L., Que, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, W.-J., Huang, Y., Shi, J., Bao, Y., & Lü, L. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000518 · Cited by 17
“…and epidemic-related predictors (e.g. being infected, working as essential workers, quarantine, trauma history, exposure risk) for longterm psychological symptoms after pandemics (Maunder et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2012; Iob et al., 2020; Saunders et al., 2021b; Shi et al., 2021a).”
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The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Students’ Anxiety Levels
Akman, Ö., Yıldırım, D., & Sarıkaya, A. (2020) · İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38079/igusabder.757110 · Cited by 17
Intentions of frontline nurses regarding COVID‐19 patient care: A cross‐sectional study in Korea
Heo, Y., Lee, M., & Jang, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13333 · Cited by 17
“…the lack of accurate information, and they are at risk of infection and experience pain due to losing their patients or colleagues, mental exhaustion, difficulties in patient classification and adverse mental health effects such as PTSD (Kim & Park, 2017; Martin et al., 2013; Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDaniels, J., Ingram, J. C., Pease, A. S., Wainwright, E. M., Beckett, K., Iyadurai, L., Harris, S., Donnelly, O., Roberts, T., & Carlton, E. W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189675 · Cited by 17
“These factors are associated with long-term psychological sequelae [6,7].”
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Resident Well-Being Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Blanchard, A. K., Podczerwinski, J., Twiss, M. F., Norcott, C., Lee, R., & Pincavage, A. T. (2021) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-21-00325.1 · Cited by 17
Sleep Disorders, Perceived Stress and Family Support Among Nursing Staff During the Pandemic CrisisPreprint
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“Long-term follow-up, up to 2 years after the SARS epidemic showed that healthcare professionals caring for critically ill patients had an increased risk of burnout, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and short-term sick leave compared to healthcare professionals from a nearby city not affected by the virus to the…”
BackgroundClarissa, C., Quinn, S., & Stenhouse, R. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07103-x · Cited by 20
Zhang, N. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02624-4 · Cited by 19
Anxiety Levels among Polish and Turkish Dentists during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Olszewska-Czyż, I., & Sözkes, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020357 · Cited by 16
“Studies from the 2003 SARS pandemic reported higher levels of depression [16], anxiety [17], post-traumatic stress disorder [18], burnout [19] and stress [3] among HCWs, with symptoms persisting up to 1 year after the pandemic ended [3,19].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on mental health care for Veterans: Improvise, adapt, and overcome
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“A study carried out after the SARS epidemic in 2003 revealed a reduction in patient contact and working time among healthcare workers, more frequent sickness leaves and an increase in behaviors likely to affect their work (Maunder et al., 2006).”
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“, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS]) have provided conflicting information, with some reporting a low prevalence of PTSD symptoms, suggesting that most individuals do not develop long-term psychological distress or psychological disorders including PTSD [5], while others have reported a higher prevalenc…”
BackgroundBeckstein, A. S., Chollier, M., Kaur, S., & Ghimire, A. R. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221100455 · Cited by 20
“In fact, for workers who dealt with the previous SARS outbreak, social support, previous training, and greater knowledge and competence about reducing the spread of the virus was associated with less distress (Chen et al., 2006; Chua et al., 2004; Maunder et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTiti, M. A., Wahabi, H., Elmorshedy, H., Shata, Z. N., Amer, Y. S., Elamir, H., Esmaeil, S. A., Jamal, A. A., & Fayed, A. A. (2022) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/emhj.22.065 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Maunder, R., Lancee, W., Balderson, K., Bennett, J., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C., Goldbloom, D., Gupta, M., Hunter, J., McGillis Hall, L., Nagle, L., Pain, C., Peczeniuk, S., Raymond, G., Read, N., Rourke, S., Steinberg, R., Stewart, T., VanDeVelde-Coke, S., Veldhorst, G., & Wasylenki, D.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Scarborough Health Network (CA)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Maunder, Robert
- Lancee, William
- Bennett, Jocelyn
- Borgundvaag, Bjug
- Goldbloom, David
- Hunter, Jonathan
- Pain, Clare
- Steinberg, Rosalie
- Stewart, Thomas
- ORCID
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1924-1932
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3291360
- OpenAlex
- W1985834457
- Cited by
- 1,109
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 223 · 2021: 335 · 2020: 259 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (67807)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- SARS, healthcare workers, burnout, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, occupational stress, coping styles, staff training and support, hospital staff well-being, stigma, working time reduction, insecure attachment, risk perception, 2003 SARS outbreak
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Data Collection, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Male, Ontario, Personnel, Hospital, Regression Analysis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
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