CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 102Antimicrobial Resistance in StaphylococcusAntibiotic Use and ResistanceInfection Control in Healthcare

Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999–2006

Open access
Eili Y. Klein, David L. Smith, Ramanan Laxminarayan·2009·Emerging Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.3201/eid1512.081341PMC PMC3044510
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a major problem in US hospitals already dealing with high levels of hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA).Using antimicrobial drug susceptibility data for 1999-2006 from The Surveillance Network, we characterized the relationship between outpatient and inpatient levels of CA-MRSA nationally.In outpatients, the frequency of CA-MRSA isolates has increased >7× during 1999-2006, which suggests that outpatients have be-come a major reservoir for CA-MRSA.However, contrary to results in other reports, although CA-MRSA increases are associated with decreases in the frequency of HA-MRSA in hospitals, the decreases are only modest.This fi nding suggests that instead of replacing HA-MRSA in the hospital, CA-MRSA is adding to the overall presence of MRSA already found within the hospital population. T he past decade has seen a large increase in infectionswith hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) (1).MRSA is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections, especially invasive bacterial infections (2), and is now endemic and even epidemic to many US hospitals, long-term care facilities (3), and communities (4-6).Although community-associated Community-associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Outpatients, United States, 1999-2006

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3201/eid1512.081341

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The more recent decline in MRSA rates is probably attributable predominantly to changes in CO-MRSA, as demonstrated by the significant decrease in the rate of TMP-SMX susceptible wound isolates presenting to the ED from 2007 to 2011, with TMP-SMX susceptibility being highly correlated with PVL-positive MRSA in their population.

    “The more recent decline in MRSA rates is again probably attributable predominantly to changes in CO-MRSA, as demonstrated by the signi fi cant decrease in the rate of TMP-SMX susceptible wound isolates presenting to the ED from 2007 to 2011, with TMP-SMX susceptibility being highly correlated with PVL-positive MRSA in our population [6].”

    From Reduction in community-onset methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> rates in an urban Canadian hospital setting (2014) · cites this paper as [6]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The epidemiology of MRSA within inner-city populations in Vancouver, Canada has mirrored that of San Francisco.

    “The epidemiology of MRSA within inner-city populations in Vancouver, Canada has mirrored that of San Francisco.”

    From Reduction in community-onset methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> rates in an urban Canadian hospital setting (2014) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Methods describe a US laboratory network, and the Discussion reports MRSA trends among US outpatients and inpatients (page numbers unavailable). Searches for Vancouver, San Francisco, and a comparison of inner-city populations found no passage addressing the claimed similarity. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. [1]Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999–2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13: 1840– 6. 18258033 PMC2876761
  2. [3]Strausbaugh LJ, Crossley KB, Nurse BA, Thrupp LD. Antimicrobial resistance in long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996; 17: 129– 40. 10.1086/647257 8835450 · DOI
  3. [4]Crum NF, Lee RU, Thornton SA, Stine OC, Wallace MR, Barrozo C, Fifteen-year study of the changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 943– 51. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.004 17071162 · DOI
  4. [5]Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 520– 32. 10.1056/NEJM199808203390806 9709046 · DOI
  5. [6]Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 666– 74. 10.1056/NEJMoa055356 16914702 · DOI · Paper page
  6. [7]Campbell KM, Vaughn AF, Russell KL, Smith B, Jimenez DL, Barrozo CP, Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42: 4050– 3. 10.1128/JCM.42.9.4050-4053.2004 15364988 PMC516279 · DOI
  7. [8]Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, Lauderdale DS, Gaskin RE, Boyle-Vavra S, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998; 279: 593– 8. 10.1001/jama.279.8.593 9486753 · DOI · Paper page
  8. [9]Francis JS, Doherty MC, Lopatin U, Johnston CP, Sinha G, Ross T, Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40: 100– 7. 10.1086/427148 15614698 · DOI
  9. [11]Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains? Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 787– 94. 10.1086/528716 18266611 · DOI
  10. [12]McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41: 5113– 20. 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5113-5120.2003 14605147 PMC262524 · DOI
  11. [13]Fey PD, Said-Salim B, Rupp ME, Hinrichs SH, Boxrud DJ, Davis CC, Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47: 196– 203. 10.1128/AAC.47.1.196-203.2003 12499191 PMC149027 · DOI
  12. [14]King MD, Humphrey BJ, Wang YF, Kourbatova EV, Ray SM, Blumberg HM. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144: 309– 17. 16520471
  13. [15]Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, Borchardt SM, Boxrud DJ, Etienne J, Comparison of community-and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2976– 84. 10.1001/jama.290.22.2976 14665659 · DOI · Paper page
  14. [16]Popovich K, Hota B, Rice T, Aroutcheva A, Weinstein RA. Phenotypic prediction rule for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 2293– 5. 10.1128/JCM.00044-07 17494715 PMC1932987 · DOI
  15. [18]Flamm RK, Weaver MK, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Karlowsky JA, Sahm DF. Factors associated with relative rates of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates tested in clinical laboratories in the United States from 1999 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004; 48: 2431– 6. 10.1128/AAC.48.7.2431-2436.2004 15215091 PMC434174 · DOI
  16. [19]Jones ME, Mayfield DC, Thornsberry C, Karlowsky JA, Sahm DF, Peterson D. Prevalence of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus among inpatients and outpatients in the United States during 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002; 46: 3104– 5. 10.1128/AAC.46.9.3104-3105.2002 12183284 PMC127420 · DOI
  17. [20]Karlowsky JA, Draghi DC, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Friedland IR, Sahm DF. Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003; 47: 1681– 8. 10.1128/AAC.47.5.1681-1688.2003 12709340 PMC153334 · DOI
  18. [21]Sahm DF, Marsilio MK, Piazza G. Antimicrobial resistance in key bloodstream bacterial isolates: electronic surveillance with the surveillance network database–USA. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29: 259– 63. 10.1086/520195 10476722 · DOI
  19. [22]Styers D, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006; 5: 2. 10.1186/1476-0711-5-2 16469106 PMC1397857 · DOI
  20. [23]Newcombe RG. Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Stat Med. 1998; 17: 857– 72. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E 9595616 · DOI · Paper page
  21. [24]Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, Chevret S, Thomas F, Wermert D, Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2588– 98. 10.1001/jama.290.19.2588 14625336 · DOI · Paper page
  22. [25]Lee SM, Ender M, Adhikari R, Smith JMB, Berger-Bachi B, Cook GM. Fitness cost of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by way of continuous culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007; 51: 1497– 9. 10.1128/AAC.01239-06 17283194 PMC1855501 · DOI
  23. [26]Kaplan SL. Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005; 24: 457– 8. 10.1097/01.inf.0000164162.00163.9d 15876948 · DOI
  24. [27]Bonhoeffer S, Lipsitch M, Levin BR. Evaluating treatment protocols to prevent antibiotic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94: 12106– 11. 10.1073/pnas.94.22.12106 9342370 PMC23718 · DOI
  25. [28]Smith DL, Levin SA, Laxminarayan R. Strategic interactions in multi-institutional epidemics of antibiotic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102: 3153– 8. 10.1073/pnas.0409523102 15677330 PMC549473 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Klein, E. Y., Smith, D. L., & Laxminarayan, R.
Affiliations
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
Ramanan Laxminarayan
ORCID
Venue
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Published
2009-12
Volume
15
Issue
12
Pages
1925-30
ISSN
  • 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
  • 1080-6059
DOI
10.3201/eid1512.081341
PMC
PMC3044510
OpenAlex
W2135257787
Cited by
102
References
2
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI
10.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
Keywords
community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, hospital-acquired MRSA, antimicrobial susceptibility, nosocomial infections, invasive bacterial infection, antimicrobial resistance trends
MeSH terms
Anti-Bacterial Agents, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Staphylococcal Infections, Time Factors, United States, Community-Acquired Infections, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review