Rates and risk factors for Coccidioidomycosis among prison inmates, California, USA, 2011
Open accessAbstract
In California, coccidioidomycosis is a disease acquired by inhaling spores of Coccidioides immitis, a fungus found in certain arid regions, including the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, where 8 state prisons are located. During 2011, we reviewed coccidioidomycosis rates at 2 of the prisons that consistently report >80% of California's inmate cases and determined inmate risk factors for primary, severe (defined as pulmonary coccidioidomycosis requiring >10 hospital days), and disseminated coccidioidomycosis (defined by hospital discharge International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision code). Inmates of African American ethnicity who were >40 years of age were at significantly higher risk for primary coccidioidomycosis than their white counterparts (odds ratio = 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8). Diabetes was a risk factor for severe pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and black race a risk factor for disseminated disease. These findings contributed to a court decision mandating exclusion of black inmates and inmates with diabetes from the 2 California prisons with the highest rates of coccidioidomycosis.
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Black or African American inmates in California had higher rates of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis than white inmates.
“Moreover, while black or African American inmates in California had higher rates of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis than white inmates [143,144]”
From Race and ethnicity: Risk factors for fungal infections? (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
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- Authors
- Wheeler, C., Lucas, K. D., & Mohle-Boetani, J. C.
- Corresponding author
- Wheeler, Charlotte
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-5
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- PMC
- PMC4285255
- OpenAlex
- W2055940815
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology › Actinomycetales infections and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides immitis, prisoners, risk factors, diabetes mellitus, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, San Joaquin Valley, California prisons
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, California, Coccidioidomycosis, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prisoners, Risk Factors, Incidence, Young Adult
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