Estimating severe coccidioidomycosis in California
Open accessAbstract
We used hospital discharge data to estimate incidence and distribution of coccidioidomycosis-associated hospitalizations in California.For 1997-2002, the average annual rate of hospitalization was 3.67 per 100,000 population.County of residence, older age, black race, male sex, HIV infection, and pregnancy were strongly associated with increased risk for hospitalization.C occidioidomycosis is caused by the fungi Coccidi- oides immitis and C. posadasii, which are present in soil in disease-endemic areas.Data are sparse on frequency and incidence of severe coccidioidomycosis that requires hospitalization.In California, population increase, changing racial composition, and increasing numbers of immunocompromised persons may have affected the incidence and severity of disease in recent years.We used hospital discharge data to estimate frequency and incidence of hospitalization with coccidioidomycosis for California, including its counties and its demographic subgroups. The StudyWe examined the Inpatient Hospital Discharge Data Set from the California Offi ce of Statewide Health Planning and Development for 1997-2002 (1), which contains inpatient discharge diagnoses from all nonfederal hospitals in California.We abstracted all records with any International Classifi cation of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9), code for coccidioidomycosis (114-114.5 and 114.9, with 114.2 representing coccidioidal meningitis) and defi ned each record as a discrete hospitalization.From each record, we extracted year of admission, county of residence, age, race, ethnicity, sex, presence of HIV infection (ICD-9 codes 042 or V08), pregnancy status (ICD9 codes V22-V23.9 or 630-676.9),vital status at discharge, and record locator number (RLN) (available for 1997-2000 only).We obtained population estimates from California Department of Finance by county of residence, age, racialethnic group, and sex (2,3).Numbers of AIDS cases and estimates of the population with HIV were obtained from the California Department of Health Services (4).All statistical analysis was conducted by using Stata 8.
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The odds of disseminated coccidioidomycosis disease are as high as 5 to 10 times the rates seen among white individuals.
“with several reports alluding that black or African American individuals have the highest associated mortality, dissemination, and hospitalizations, with odds of disseminated disease as high as 5 to 10 times the rates seen among the white individuals [137,152–155]”
From Race and ethnicity: Risk factors for fungal infections? (2023) · cites this paper as [153]
Black or African American individuals have the highest associated mortality, dissemination, and hospitalizations from coccidioidomycosis.
“with several reports alluding that black or African American individuals have the highest associated mortality, dissemination, and hospitalizations, with odds of disseminated disease as high as 5 to 10 times the rates seen among the white individuals [137,152–155]”
From Race and ethnicity: Risk factors for fungal infections? (2023) · cites this paper as [153]
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- Authors
- Flaherman, V. J., Hector, R., & Rutherford, G. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- California State University, Bakersfield (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flaherman, Valerie J.
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1087-1090
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- PMC
- PMC2878228
- OpenAlex
- W2030919569
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2RR024130)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology › Actinomycetales infections and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii, hospitalization incidence, hospital discharge data, California, county-level distribution, HIV infection, pregnancy, immunocompromised patients, coccidioidal meningitis, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, California, Coccidioidomycosis, Ethnicity, Female, Geography, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, HIV Infections, Incidence
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