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Cited by 232Fungal Infections and StudiesAntifungal resistance and susceptibilityPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment

Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995–1996

Rosenstein, N. E., Emery, K. W., Werner, S. B., Kao, A., Johnson, R., Rogers, D., Vugia, D., Reingold, A. +4 more·2001·Clinical Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1086/319203
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Abstract

Surveillance for coccidioidomycosis (CM) and a case-control study for risk factors among adults were conducted in Kern County, California. From January 1995 through December 1996, 905 cases of CM were identified, for an annual incidence of 86 cases per 100,000 population. A total of 380 adults were enrolled in the case-control study: 77 had severe pulmonary disease, 33 had disseminated disease, and 270 control patients had mild disease. Independent risk factors for severe pulmonary disease included diabetes, recent history of cigarette smoking, income of < $15,000 per year, and older age. Oral antifungal therapy before hospitalization was associated with a reduced risk of CM pneumonia. Risk factors for disseminated disease were black race, income of < $15,000 per year, and pregnancy. Early treatment of CM with oral antifungal agents may prevent severe pulmonary disease in groups considered to be at high risk, such as elderly individuals, persons with diabetes, and smokers. Persons at risk for severe CM may benefit from vaccination once an effective CM vaccine is available.

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  • The increased risk of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in black or African American individuals persisted after controlling for income.

    “and this increased risk persisted after controlling for income [156].”

    From Race and ethnicity: Risk factors for fungal infections? (2023) · cites this paper as [156]

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Authors
Rosenstein, N. E., Emery, K. W., Werner, S. B., Kao, A., Johnson, R., Rogers, D., Vugia, D., Reingold, A., Talbot, R., Plikaytis, B. D., Perkins, B. A., & Hajjeh, R. A.
Affiliations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
  • Bakersfield College (US)
  • California Health and Human Services Agency (US)
  • Kern Medical Center (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author
Rosenstein, N. E.
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2001-03-01
Volume
32
Issue
5
Pages
708-714
ISSN
  • 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6591
DOI
10.1086/319203
OpenAlex
W2159910402
Cited by
232
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
FWCI
6.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia detection and treatment
Keywords
coccidioidomycosis, pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, risk factors, severe illness, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, low income, oral antifungal therapy, pregnancy, race, Kern County, incidence, vaccination
MeSH terms
Adult, California, Coccidioides, Coccidioidomycosis, Female, Humans, Lung Diseases, Fungal, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies

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