Emerging Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDVb), Australia
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are indicators of dengue and chikungunya, point to ZIKV as the probable cause of several of the reported cases.Furthermore, laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with ZIKV were simultaneously identified in other cities within metropolitan Salvador (6,7) and in other states in Brazil (8). Low diagnosis of ZIKV infection is likely because viremia levels among infected patients appear to be low (9).The spread of ZIKV represents an additional challenge for public health systems, particularly because of the risk for concurrent transmission of DENV and CHIKV by the same vectors, Ae. aegypti and Ae.albopictus mosquitoes, which are abundant throughout tropical and subtropical regions.To date, the largest outbreak of chikungunya in Brazil occurred in 2014 in Feira de Santana, Bahia, ≈100 km from Salvador, where dengue is also prevalent (10).This report illustrates the potential for explosive simultaneous outbreaks of ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV in the Western Hemisphere and the increasing public health effects of Aedes spp.mosquitoes as vectors.The apparent increase in reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome during the outbreak deserves further investigation to elucidate whether this syndrome is associated with ZIKV infection.Public health authorities in Brazil and neighboring countries should plan accordingly.
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RHDV2 is presumed to be an incursion from Europe, where it first emerged in 2010.
“A novel variant of the disease, RHDV2, began circulating in Australia in 2015 and is presumed to be an incursion from Europe where it first emerged in 2010 (Hall et al. 2015).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Hall et al. 2015
RHDV2 began circulating in Australia in 2015.
“A novel variant of the disease, RHDV2, began circulating in Australia in 2015 and is presumed to be an incursion from Europe where it first emerged in 2010 (Hall et al. 2015).”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Hall et al. 2015
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Emergence of a new lagovirus related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus
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“The unique traits of strain RHDV2, particularly its ability to overcome immunity to classical RHDV strains (including vaccine strains) (3) and to infect rabbits at a younger age (2), may have wideranging implications for rabbit biocontrol in Australia.”
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“The unique traits of strain RHDV2, particularly its ability to overcome immunity to classical RHDV strains (including vaccine strains) (3) and to infect rabbits at a younger age (2), may have wideranging implications for rabbit biocontrol in Australia.”
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“The virus appeared in Australia in Canberra in May 2015 (Hall et al., 2015), where it also appeared in the southern part of the country, when it was detected on December 1, 2015 (Peacock et al., 2017).”
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“Australia Emerg Infect Dis.”
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Passive Immunisation against RHDV2 Induces Protection against Disease but Not Infection
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“Emerging Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 (RHDVb), Australia.”
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“For example, Mahar et al. [57] reported at least six viable recombination events in a two-year period since the discovery of RHDV2 in mid-2015 in Australia [57,60].”
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“…characteristics determined at least two main consequences: (i) the spread of RHDV2 (GI.2) in rabbit populations worldwide, including Australia [Hall et al., 2015], within a few years, resulting in almost complete replacement of RHDV (GI.1), and (ii) the acquisition of endemic status in North…”
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“…Kingdom (Westcott et al., 2014), Scotland (Baily et al., 2014), the Azores Vol. 67, No 1/2020 111–122 https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_5161 (Duarte et al., 2015), Australia (Hall et al., 2015), Macaronesia (Lopes et al., 2018), Poland (Fitzner & Niedbalski, 2018) and Tunisia (Rahali et al., 2019).”
InfluentialFast specific field detection of RHDVb
Dalton, K. P., Nicieza, I., Podadera, A., de Llano, D., Alonso, J. M., Toyos, J. R. D. L., Ocaña, M. G., Vázquez, F., Velasco, B., Landeta, O., et al. (2017) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12607 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A different nomenclature (RHDV2) was suggested by others for this type of virus (Le Gall-Recule et al., 2013) which soon emerged in other European countries (Baily, Dagleish, Graham, Maley, & Rocchi, 2014; Puggioni et al., 2013; Simpson, Everest, & Westcott, 2014; Westcott et al., 2014), in Australia (Hall et al., 201…”
BackgroundPeng, N. Y. G., Hall, R., Huang, N., West, P., Cox, T. E., Mahar, J., Mason, H., Campbell, S., O'Connor, T., Read, A., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15122348 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A number of previously reported lagovirus sequences obtained from samples acquired up until 2018 were included in this study [19,21,22,29,38,39] to determine the genomic epidemiology and evolution of lagoviruses in Australia from January 2007 to December 2022.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationModeling the response of an endangered rabbit population to RHDV2 and vaccination
Russell, R. E., Dusek, R. J., Prevost, S., Clifford, D. L., Moriarty, M. E., & Takahashi, F. (2024) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.13072 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
First detection and molecular characterization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in Algeria
Sahraoui, L., Lahouassa, H., Maziz-Bettahar, S., Lopes, A. M., Almeida, T., Ainbaziz, H., & Abrantes, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1235123 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Happi, A., Ogunsanya, O., Oguzie, J., Oluniyi, P., Olono, A., Heeney, J., & Happi, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91961-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lopes, A. M., Magalhães, M. J., Alves, P. C., Esteves, P. J., & Abrantes, J. (2017) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3318-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In the last few years, several studies have shown the complexity of RHDV, with the emergence and rapid spread of a new pathogenic variant [3, 9, 20, 25] and the existence of several recombination events in past and current circulating strains (e.”
BackgroundAdaptive changes in the genomes of wild rabbits after 16 years of viral epidemics
Schwensow, N., Pederson, S., Peacock, D., Cooke, B., & Cassey, P. (2020) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15498 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It will be particularly important to investigate whether the here identified candidate genes also play a role in RHDV2 resistance, a new serotype virus that appeared in Australia in 2014 (Hall et al., 2015; Strive et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPatel, K. K., Strive, T., Hall, R. N., MUTZE, G. J., Page, B., Korcz, M., Booth‐Remmers, M., Smith, I., Huang, N., Kovaliski, J., et al. (2022) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.14530 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationQi, R., Meng, C., Zhu, J., Li, H., Miao, Q., Tang, J., Tang, A., Guo, H., Liu, C., Li, C., et al. (2022) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It has since spread across parts of Europe, Australia, north America, and Africa (Abrantes et al., 2013; Hall et al., 2015; Martin-Alonso et al., 2016; Rouco et al., 2019, 2020).”
BackgroundComparative Epidemiology of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Strains from Viral Sequence Data
Pacioni, C., Hall, R., Strive, T., Ramsey, D., Gill, M. S., & Vaughan, T. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In 2015, a virus previously only detected in Europe (RHDV2), was detected in Australia [14], and successive retrospective serological tests detected evidence of its presence dating back to March 2014 [15].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRABBIT HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUSES DETECTED IN PET RABBITS IN A COMMERCIAL LABORATORY IN EUROPE
Marschang, R. E., Weider, K., Erhard, H., Klas, E.-M., & Laik-Schandelmaier, C. (2018) · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2017.11.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jennings, S., & Mutze, G. J. (2017) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr17042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The recent incursion of RHDV2 (Hall et al. 2015) may again suppress wild rabbit numbers in Australia, as it has in in Europe (Delibes-Mateos et al.”
BackgroundMezhenskyi, A. A., Mezhenska, N. A., Кrytsia, Y. P., Тарасов, О. А., Mezhenskyi, A. О., & Nychyk, S. A. (2022) · Bulletin Veterinary biotechnology · doi:10.31073/vet_biotech41-06 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
First Detection and Circulation of RHDV2 in New Zealand
Hall, R. N., Trought, K., Strive, T., Duckworth, J. A., & Jenckel, M. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16040519 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Reported RHDV2 variants include the GI.1bP-GI.2 [30–32], GI.4eP-GI.2 [33], GI.4cP-GI.2 [28], GI.3P-GI.2 [6,29,34–43], and GII.1P-GI.2 [39] variants.”
Self-citationBioinformatics analysis of capsid protein of different subtypes rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
Qi, R., Zhu, J., Miao, Q., Tang, A.-X., Dong, D., Wang, X., & Liu, G.-Q. (2019) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2161-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Establishment of a duplex Taqman RT-PCR for the differential detection of RHDV GI.1 and GI.2.
Zhou, J., Ma, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Chen, D.-S., Li, L., & Li, M. (2022) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114526 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cavadini, P., Vismarra, A., Merzoni, F., Giovanni, V. D., Boniotti, M. B., Capucci, L., & Lavazza, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79670-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rabbit Viral Diseases: Myxomatosis and Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease
Duarte, M. D., Fagulha, T., Henriques, M., Barros, S. C., Ramos, F., Duarte, A., Luís, T. M., & dos Santos, F. A. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44542-2_25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Argente, M. J., Pardo, M. D. L. L. G., & Dalton, K. P. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.82908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gao, W., Xia, X., Wang, T., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Li, Y., Xia, L., Jia, N., Jiang, J., Sun, Y. E., et al. (2025) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00878-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pacioni, C., Vaughan, T. G., Strive, T., Campbell, S., Ramsey, D. S. L., & Drummond, A. J. (2021) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.14058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationViral Outbreaks - Global Impact and Newer Horizons
Saxena, S. K. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104167 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Strive, T., Piper, M., Huang, N., Mourant, R., Kovaliski, J., Capucci, L., Cox, T. E., & Smith, I. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/613158 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, J., Tang, A., Chen, J., Zhang, D., Meng, C., Li, C., Wei, H., & Liu, G. (2022) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114572 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leporids’ Emerging Diseases as a Threat to Biodiversity
dos Santos, F. A. A., Fagulha, T., Barros, S. S., Henriques, M., Duarte, A., Ramos, F., Luís, T. M., & Duarte, M. D. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.110028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Angulo, E., Bárcena, J., Cooke, B. D., & Soriguer, R. C. (2025) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1155/tbed/1129135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The variant of RHDV2 initially detected in Australia by chance [111] closely resembled one from Portugal [112] raising the possibility of rapid transfer on clothing or footwear of air passengers.”
Viral Disease in Lagomorphs: A Molecular Perspective
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Confirmation of the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Type 2 (GI.2) Circulation in North Africa
Saidi, A., & Aboutaib, A. (2022) · Acta veterinaria · doi:10.2478/acve-2022-0035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Diversity of RHD virus: epidemiological, diagnostic and immunological importance
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Red fox viromes across an urban-rural gradientPreprint
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“A novel variant of the disease, RHDV2, began circulating in Australia in 2015 and is 325 presumed to be an incursion from Europe where it first emerged in 2010 (69).”
BackgroundSelf-citationrabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
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Mahar, J., Shi, M., Hall, R., Strive, T., & Holmes, E. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/812081
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Patel, K., Toft, N., Kovaliski, J., Page, B., Appuhamilage, R. M. J. J. E., & Taggart, P. (2024) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106137
- Authors
- Hall, R. N., Mahar, J. E., Haboury, S., Stevens, V., Holmes, E. C., & Strive, T.
- Corresponding author
- Strive, Tanja
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2276-2278
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- PMC
- PMC4672455
- OpenAlex
- W2265120623
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 12.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (400830/2013–2)
- Ministério da Educação
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- emerging viral diseases, Australia, Zika virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, mosquito vectors, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Salvador, Bahia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Australia, Humans, Phylogeny, Rabbits, Caliciviridae Infections, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit
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