CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 79Urinary Tract Infections ManagementReproductive tract infections researchUrinary Bladder and Prostate Research

Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models

Open access
Lewis, Amanda L., Gilbert, Nicole M.·2020·German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
DOI 10.3205/id000046PMC PMC7186798
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Mounting evidence indicates that the vagina can harbor uropathogenic bacteria. Here, we consider three roles played by the vagina and its bacterial inhabitants in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary health. First, the vagina can serve as a reservoir for Escherichia coli, the most common cause of UTI, and other recognized uropathogens. Second, several vaginal bacterial species are frequently detected upon urine culture but are underappreciated as uropathogens, and other vaginal species are likely under-reported because of their fastidious nature. Third, some vaginal bacteria that are not widely viewed as uropathogens can transit briefly in the urinary tract, cause injury or immunomodulation, and shift the balance of host-pathogen interactions to influence the outcomes of uropathogenesis. This chapter describes the current literature in these three areas and summarizes the impact of the vaginal microbiota on susceptibility to UTI and other urologic conditions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.3205/id000046

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 95

  1. [1]Tachedjian G Aldunate M Bradshaw CS Cone RA The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health Res Microbiol Nov-Dec 2017 168 9-10 782 792 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.001 28435139 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [2]Borges S Silva J Teixeira P The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal health Arch Gynecol Obstet 3 2014 289 3 479 489 10.1007/s00404-013-3064-9 24170161 · DOI · Paper page
  3. [3]Allsworth JE Lewis VA Peipert JF Viral sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data Sex Transm Dis 9 2008 35 9 791 796 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181788301 18607314 · DOI
  4. [4]Gajer P Brotman RM Bai G Sakamoto J Schütte UM Zhong X Koenig SS Fu L Ma ZS Zhou X Abdo Z Forney LJ Ravel J Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota Sci Transl Med 5 2012 4 132 132ra52 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003605 PMC3722878 22553250 · DOI
  5. [5]Hummelen R Macklaim JM Bisanz JE Hammond JA McMillan A Vongsa R Koenig D Gloor GB Reid G Vaginal microbiome and epithelial gene array in post-menopausal women with moderate to severe dryness PLoS ONE 2011 6 11 e26602 10.1371/journal.pone.0026602 22073175 PMC3206802 · DOI
  6. [6]Brotman RM Shardell MD Gajer P Fadrosh D Chang K Silver MI Viscidi RP Burke AE Ravel J Gravitt PE Association between the vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy Menopause 11 2018 25 11 1321 1330 10.1097/GME.0000000000001236 30358729 · DOI
  7. [7]Burton JP Reid G Evaluation of the bacterial vaginal flora of 20 postmenopausal women by direct (Nugent score) and molecular (polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) techniques J Infect Dis 12 2002 186 12 1770 1780 10.1086/345761 12447763 · DOI
  8. [9]Nugent RP Krohn MA Hillier SL Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation J Clin Microbiol 2 1991 29 2 297 301 1706728 PMC269757
  9. [10]Stapleton AE The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection Microbiol Spectr 12 2016 4 6 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016 PMC5746606 28087949 · DOI
  10. [11]Sumati AH Saritha NK Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis J Glob Infect Dis 7 2009 1 2 151 152 10.4103/0974-777X.56254 20300409 PMC2840952 · DOI
  11. [12]Hillebrand L Harmanli OH Whiteman V Khandelwal M Urinary tract infections in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis Am J Obstet Gynecol 5 2002 186 5 916 917 10.1067/mob.2002.123987 12015512 · DOI
  12. [13]Hooton TM Fihn SD Johnson C Roberts PL Stamm WE Association between bacterial vaginosis and acute cystitis in women using diaphragms Arch Intern Med 9 1989 149 9 1932 1936 2673116
  13. [14]Stapleton AE Au-Yeung M Hooton TM Fredricks DN Roberts PL Czaja CA Yarova-Yarovaya Y Fiedler T Cox M Stamm WE Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection Clin Infect Dis 5 2011 52 10 1212 1217 10.1093/cid/cir183 21498386 PMC3079401 · DOI · Paper page
  14. [15]Raz R Stamm WE A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections N Engl J Med 9 1993 329 11 753 756 10.1056/NEJM199309093291102 8350884 · DOI
  15. [16]Foxman B Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden Infect Dis Clin North Am 3 2014 28 1 1 13 10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.003 24484571 · DOI
  16. [17]Foxman B The epidemiology of urinary tract infection Nat Rev Urol 12 2010 7 12 653 660 10.1038/nrurol.2010.190 21139641 · DOI
  17. [18]Beerepoot M Geerlings S Non-Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections Pathogens 4 2016 5 2 10.3390/pathogens5020036 PMC4931387 27092529 · DOI
  18. [19]Pfau A Sacks T The bacterial flora of the vaginal vestibule, urethra and vagina in premenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections J Urol 11 1981 126 5 630 634 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54661-3 7029007 · DOI
  19. [20]Navas-Nacher EL Dardick F Venegas MF Anderson BE Schaeffer AJ Duncan JL Relatedness of Escherichia coli colonizing women longitudinally Mol Urol 2001 5 1 31 36 10.1089/109153601750124285 11689149 · DOI · Paper page
  20. [21]Gupta K Stapleton AE Hooton TM Roberts PL Fennell CL Stamm WE Inverse association of H2O2-producing lactobacilli and vaginal Escherichia coli colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infections J Infect Dis 8 1998 178 2 446 450 10.1086/515635 9697725 · DOI
  21. [22]Stamey TA Sexton CC The role of vaginal colonization with enterobacteriaceae in recurrent urinary infections J Urol 2 1975 113 2 214 217 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)59447-1 803573 · DOI
  22. [23]Amatya R Bhattarai S Mandal PK Tuladhar H Karki BM Urinary tract infection in vaginitis: a condition often overlooked Nepal Med Coll J 3 2013 15 1 65 67 24592798
  23. [24]Harmanli OH Cheng GY Nyirjesy P Chatwani A Gaughan JP Urinary tract infections in women with bacterial vaginosis Obstet Gynecol 5 2000 95 5 710 712 10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00632-8 10775734 · DOI
  24. [25]Kirjavainen PV Pautler S Baroja ML Anukam K Crowley K Carter K Reid G Abnormal immunological profile and vaginal microbiota in women prone to urinary tract infections Clin Vaccine Immunol 1 2009 16 1 29 36 10.1128/CVI.00323-08 19020112 PMC2620669 · DOI
  25. [26]Kovachev S Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli Crit Rev Microbiol 2 2018 44 1 31 39 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1306688 28418713 · DOI
  26. [27]Baerheim A Larsen E Digranes A Vaginal application of lactobacilli in the prophylaxis of recurrent lower urinary tract infection in women Scand J Prim Health Care 12 1994 12 4 239 243 10.3109/02813439409029247 7863140 · DOI
  27. [28]Eriksen B A randomized, open, parallel-group study on the preventive effect of an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) on recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women Am J Obstet Gynecol 5 1999 180 5 1072 1079 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70597-1 10329858 · DOI · Paper page
  28. [29]Muder RR Brennen C Rihs JD Wagener MM Obman A Stout JE Yu VL Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent staphylococcal bacteremia Clin Infect Dis 1 2006 42 1 46 50 10.1086/498518 16323090 · DOI
  29. [30]Baraboutis IG Tsagalou EP Lepinski JL Papakonstantinou I Papastamopoulos V Skoutelis AT Johnson S Primary Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection: the role of undetected hematogenous seeding of the urinary tract Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 9 2010 29 9 1095 1101 10.1007/s10096-010-0967-2 20703891 · DOI
  30. [31]Gilbert NM O'Brien VP Hultgren S Macones G Lewis WG Lewis AL Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action Glob Adv Health Med 9 2013 2 5 59 69 10.7453/gahmj.2013.061 24416696 PMC3833562 · DOI
  31. [32]Kline KA Lewis AL Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract Microbiol Spectr 4 2016 4 2 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012 PMC4888879 27227294 · DOI
  32. [33]Kazi YF Saleem S Kazi N Investigation of vaginal microbiota in sexually active women using hormonal contraceptives in Pakistan BMC Urol 8 2012 12 22 10.1186/1471-2490-12-22 22901000 PMC3492163 · DOI
  33. [34]Huang Y Merkatz RB Hillier SL Roberts K Blithe DL Sitruk-Ware R Creinin MD Effects of a One Year Reusable Contraceptive Vaginal Ring on Vaginal Microflora and the Risk of Vaginal Infection: An Open-Label Prospective Evaluation PLoS ONE 2015 10 8 e0134460 10.1371/journal.pone.0134460 26267119 PMC4534458 · DOI
  34. [35]Akhi MT Esmailkhani A Sadeghi J Niknafs B Farzadi L Akhi A Nasab EN The Frequency of Isolated from Endocervix of Infertile Women in Northwest Iran Int J Fertil Steril Apr-Jun 2017 11 1 28 32 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4969 28367302 PMC5215708 · DOI
  35. [36]MacPhee RA Miller WL Gloor GB McCormick JK Hammond JA Burton JP Reid G Influence of the vaginal microbiota on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus Appl Environ Microbiol 3 2013 79 6 1835 1842 10.1128/AEM.02908-12 23315732 PMC3592239 · DOI
  36. [37]Tansarli GS Kostaras EK Athanasiou S Falagas ME Prevalence and treatment of aerobic vaginitis among non-pregnant women: evaluation of the evidence for an underestimated clinical entity Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 8 2013 32 8 977 984 10.1007/s10096-013-1846-4 23443475 · DOI
  37. [38]Chow AW Bartlett KH Percival-Smith R Morrison BJ Vaginal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, positive for toxic-shock marker protein, and Escherichia coli in healthy women J Infect Dis 7 1984 150 1 80 84 10.1093/infdis/150.1.80 6379062 · DOI
  38. [39]Donders GG Vereecken A Bosmans E Dekeersmaecker A Salembier G Spitz B Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis BJOG 1 2002 109 1 34 43 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x 11845812 · DOI
  39. [40]Tan CK Ulett KB Steele M Benjamin WH Jr Ulett GC Prognostic value of semi-quantitative bacteruria counts in the diagnosis of group B streptococcus urinary tract infection: a 4-year retrospective study in adult patients BMC Infect Dis 10 2012 12 273 10.1186/1471-2334-12-273 23101431 PMC3514254 · DOI
  40. [41]Beyer I Mergam A Benoit F Theunissen C Pepersack T Management of urinary tract infections in the elderly Z Gerontol Geriatr 4 2001 34 2 153 157 10.1007/s003910170080 11393008 · DOI
  41. [42]Muller AE Oostvogel PM Steegers EA Dörr PJ Morbidity related to maternal group B streptococcal infections Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006 85 9 1027 1037 10.1080/00016340600780508 16929406 · DOI
  42. [43]Persson K Bjerre B Elfström L Polberger S Forsgren A Group B streptococci at delivery: high count in urine increases risk for neonatal colonization Scand J Infect Dis 1986 18 6 525 531 10.3109/00365548609021657 3544201 · DOI
  43. [44]Edwards MS Baker CJ Group B streptococcal infections in elderly adults Clin Infect Dis 9 2005 41 6 839 847 10.1086/432804 16107984 · DOI
  44. [45]Ulett KB Benjamin WH Jr Zhuo F Xiao M Kong F Gilbert GL Schembri MA Ulett GC Diversity of group B streptococcus serotypes causing urinary tract infection in adults J Clin Microbiol 7 2009 47 7 2055 2060 10.1128/JCM.00154-09 19439533 PMC2708523 · DOI
  45. [46]Kline KA Schwartz DJ Gilbert NM Lewis AL Impact of host age and parity on susceptibility to severe urinary tract infection in a murine model PLoS ONE 2014 9 5 e97798 10.1371/journal.pone.0097798 24835885 PMC4024022 · DOI
  46. [47]Kulkarni R Randis TM Antala S Wang A Amaral FE Ratner AJ β-Hemolysin/cytolysin of Group B Streptococcus enhances host inflammation but is dispensable for establishment of urinary tract infection PLoS ONE 2013 8 3 e59091 10.1371/journal.pone.0059091 23505569 PMC3591438 · DOI
  47. [48]Kline KA Schwartz DJ Gilbert NM Hultgren SJ Lewis AL Immune modulation by group B Streptococcus influences host susceptibility to urinary tract infection by uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infect Immun 12 2012 80 12 4186 4194 10.1128/IAI.00684-12 22988014 PMC3497425 · DOI
  48. [49]Sullivan MJ Carey AJ Leclercq SY Tan CK Ulett GC Increased Age, but Not Parity Predisposes to Higher Bacteriuria Burdens Due to Streptococcus Urinary Tract Infection and Influences Bladder Cytokine Responses, Which Develop Independent of Tissue Bacterial Loads PLoS ONE 2016 11 12 e0167732 10.1371/journal.pone.0167732 27936166 PMC5147962 · DOI
  49. [50]Pedraza-Avilés AG Zaragoza MC Mota-Vázquez R Hernández-Soto C Ramírez-Santana M Terrazas-Maldonado ML Treatment of urinary tract infection by Gardnerella vaginalis: a comparison of oral metronidazole versus ampicillin Rev Latinoam Microbiol Apr-Jun 2001 43 2 65 69 17061489
  50. [51]Josephson S Thomason J Sturino K Zabransky R Williams J Gardnerella vaginalis in the urinary tract: incidence and significance in a hospital population Obstet Gynecol 2 1988 71 2 245 250 3257296
  51. [52]Pearce MM Hilt EE Rosenfeld AB Zilliox MJ Thomas-White K Fok C Kliethermes S Schreckenberger PC Brubaker L Gai X Wolfe AJ The female urinary microbiome: a comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence mBio 7 2014 5 4 e01283 e01214 10.1128/mBio.01283-14 25006228 PMC4161260 · DOI
  52. [53]Lam MH Birch DF Fairley KF Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in the urinary tract J Clin Microbiol 6 1988 26 6 1130 1133 3260242 PMC266547
  53. [54]Gilbert GL Garland SM Fairley KF McDowall DM Bacteriuria due to ureaplasmas and other fastidious organisms during pregnancy: prevalence and significance Pediatr Infect Dis Nov-Dec 1986 5 6 Suppl S239 S243 10.1097/00006454-198611010-00007 3491981 · DOI
  54. [55]Savige JA Gilbert GL Fairley KF McDowall DR Bacteriuria due to Ureaplasma urealyticum and Gardnerella vaginalis in women with preeclampsia J Infect Dis 9 1983 148 3 605 10.1093/infdis/148.3.605 6604763 · DOI
  55. [56]McDowall DR Buchanan JD Fairley KF Gilbert GL Anaerobic and other fastidious microorganisms in asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women J Infect Dis 8 1981 144 2 114 122 10.1093/infdis/144.2.114 7276624 · DOI
  56. [57]McFadyen IR Eykyn SJ Suprapubic aspiration of urine in pregnancy Lancet 5 1968 1 7552 1112 1114 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)90185-2 4171842 · DOI
  57. [58]Fairley KF Birch DF Unconventional bacteria in urinary tract disease: Gardnerella vaginalis Kidney Int 6 1983 23 6 862 865 10.1038/ki.1983.107 6604191 · DOI
  58. [59]Boggess KA Watts DH Hillier SL Krohn MA Benedetti TJ Eschenbach DA Bacteremia shortly after placental separation during cesarean delivery Obstet Gynecol 5 1996 87 5 Pt 1 779 784 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00037-3 8677085 · DOI
  59. [60]Babics A Roussellier P Gardnerella vaginalis: An overlooked pathogen in male patients? Med Mal Infect 10 2015 45 10 423 424 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.007 26472061 · DOI
  60. [61]Gottschick C Deng ZL Vital M Masur C Abels C Pieper DH Wagner-Döbler I The urinary microbiota of men and women and its changes in women during bacterial vaginosis and antibiotic treatment Microbiome 8 2017 5 1 99 10.1186/s40168-017-0305-3 28807017 PMC5554977 · DOI
  61. [62]Ahmed A Earl J Retchless A Hillier SL Rabe LK Cherpes TL Powell E Janto B Eutsey R Hiller NL Boissy R Dahlgren ME Hall BG Costerton JW Post JC Hu FZ Ehrlich GD Comparative genomic analyses of 17 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis provide evidence of multiple genetically isolated clades consistent with subspeciation into genovars J Bacteriol 8 2012 194 15 3922 3937 10.1128/JB.00056-12 22609915 PMC3416530 · DOI
  62. [63]Sierra-Hoffman M Watkins K Jinadatha C Fader R Carpenter JL Clinical significance of Aerococcus urinae: a retrospective review Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 12 2005 53 4 289 292 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.06.021 16269223 · DOI
  63. [64]Senneby E Petersson AC Rasmussen M Clinical and microbiological features of bacteraemia with Aerococcus urinae Clin Microbiol Infect 6 2012 18 6 546 550 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03609.x 21895858 · DOI
  64. [65]Murray TS Muldrew KL Finkelstein R Hampton L Edberg SC Cappello M Acute pyelonephritis caused by Aerococcus urinae in a 12-year-old boy Pediatr Infect Dis J 8 2008 27 8 760 762 10.1097/INF.0b013e318170af46 18574434 · DOI
  65. [66]Ibler K Truberg Jensen K Ostergaard C Sönksen UW Bruun B Schønheyder HC Kemp M Dargis R Andresen K Christensen JJ Six cases of Aerococcus sanguinicola infection: clinical relevance and bacterial identification Scand J Infect Dis 2008 40 9 761 765 10.1080/00365540802078059 19086249 · DOI
  66. [67]de Jong MF Soetekouw R ten Kate RW Veenendaal D Aerococcus urinae: severe and fatal bloodstream infections and endocarditis J Clin Microbiol 9 2010 48 9 3445 3447 10.1128/JCM.00835-10 20660216 PMC2937665 · DOI
  67. [68]Cattoir V Kobal A Legrand P Aerococcus urinae and Aerococcus sanguinicola, two frequently misidentified uropathogens Scand J Infect Dis 10 2010 42 10 775 780 10.3109/00365548.2010.485576 20482457 · DOI
  68. [69]Zhang Q Kwoh C Attorri S Clarridge JE 3rd Aerococcus urinae in urinary tract infections J Clin Microbiol 4 2000 38 4 1703 1705 10747177 PMC86536
  69. [70]Schuur PM Kasteren ME Sabbe L Vos MC Janssens MM Buiting AG Urinary tract infections with Aerococcus urinae in the south of The Netherlands Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 12 1997 16 12 871 875 10.1007/bf01700552 9495666 · DOI
  70. [71]Gritsch W Nagl M Hausdorfer J Gschwendtner A Pechlaner C Wiedermann CJ Septicaemia and endomyocarditis caused by Aerococcus urinae Wien Klin Wochenschr 6 1999 111 11 446 447 10420497
  71. [72]Christensen JJ Jensen IP Faerk J Kristensen B Skov R Korner B Bacteremia/septicemia due to Aerococcus-like organisms: report of seventeen cases. Danish ALO Study Group Clin Infect Dis 10 1995 21 4 943 947 10.1093/clinids/21.4.943 8645844 · DOI
  72. [73]Heilesen AM Septicaemia due to Aerococcus urinae Scand J Infect Dis 1994 26 6 759 760 10.3109/00365549409008648 7747103 · DOI
  73. [74]Rasmussen M Aerococcus: an increasingly acknowledged human pathogen Clin Microbiol Infect 1 2016 22 1 22 27 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.026 26454061 · DOI
  74. [75]Srinivasan S Hoffman NG Morgan MT Matsen FA Fiedler TL Hall RW Ross FJ McCoy CO Bumgarner R Marrazzo JM Fredricks DN Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria PLoS ONE 2012 7 6 e37818 10.1371/journal.pone.0037818 22719852 PMC3377712 · DOI · Paper page
  75. [76]Ling Z Kong J Liu F Zhu H Chen X Wang Y Li L Nelson KE Xia Y Xiang C Molecular analysis of the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis BMC Genomics 9 2010 11 488 10.1186/1471-2164-11-488 20819230 PMC2996984 · DOI
  76. [77]Reyes L Reinhard M Brown MB Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation BMC Infect Dis 1 2009 9 9 10.1186/1471-2334-9-9 19171043 PMC2656517 · DOI
  77. [78]Reyes L Reinhard M O’donell LJ Stevens J Brown MB Rat strains differ in susceptibility to Ureaplasma parvum-induced urinary tract infection and struvite stone formation Infect Immun 12 2006 74 12 6656 6664 10.1128/IAI.00984-06 16982825 PMC1698052 · DOI
  78. [79]Taylor-Robinson D Mollicutes in vaginal microbiology: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium Res Microbiol - 11 2017 168 9-10 875 881 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.009 28263902 · DOI
  79. [80]Cox C Watt AP McKenna JP Coyle PV Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis display a significant synergistic relationship in bacterial vaginosis Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 3 2016 35 3 481 487 10.1007/s10096-015-2564-x 26796553 · DOI
  80. [81]Marovt M Keše D Kotar T Kmet N Miljković J Šoba B Matičič M Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected with the same frequency among women with and without symptoms of urogenital tract infection Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 6 2015 34 6 1237 1245 10.1007/s10096-015-2351-8 25717022 · DOI
  81. [82]Sweeney EL Dando SJ Kallapur SG Knox CL The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis Clin Microbiol Rev 1 2017 30 1 349 379 10.1128/CMR.00091-16 27974410 PMC5217797 · DOI
  82. [83]Revello R Alcaide MJ Abehsera D Martin-Camean M Sousa E Faro Gomes M Alonso-Luque B Bartha JL Prediction of chorioamnionitis in cases of intraamniotic infection by ureaplasma urealyticum in women with very preterm premature rupture of membranes or preterm labour J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 7 2018 31 14 1839 1844 10.1080/14767058.2017.1330407 28502201 · DOI
  83. [84]Humburg J Frei R Wight E Troeger C Accuracy of urethral swab and urine analysis for the detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with lower urinary tract symptoms Arch Gynecol Obstet 4 2012 285 4 1049 1053 10.1007/s00404-011-2109-1 22006584 · DOI
  84. [85]Baka S Kouskouni E Antonopoulou S Sioutis D Papakonstantinou M Hassiakos D Logothetis E Liapis A Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in women with chronic urinary symptoms Urology 7 2009 74 1 62 66 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.014 19371925 · DOI
  85. [86]Lee YS Kim JY Kim JC Park WH Choo MS Lee KS Prevalence and treatment efficacy of genitourinary mycoplasmas in women with overactive bladder symptoms Korean J Urol 9 2010 51 9 625 630 10.4111/kju.2010.51.9.625 20856647 PMC2941811 · DOI
  86. [87]Nassar FA Abu-Elamreen FH Shubair ME Sharif FA Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria Adv Med Sci 2008 53 1 80 86 10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1 18614434 · DOI
  87. [88]Domann E Hong G Imirzalioglu C Turschner S Kühle J Watzel C Hain T Hossain H Chakraborty T Culture-independent identification of pathogenic bacteria and polymicrobial infections in the genitourinary tract of renal transplant recipients J Clin Microbiol 12 2003 41 12 5500 5510 10.1128/jcm.41.12.5500-5510.2003 14662931 PMC309025 · DOI
  88. [89]Wolfe AJ Toh E Shibata N Rong R Kenton K Fitzgerald M Mueller ER Schreckenberger P Dong Q Nelson DE Brubaker L Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder J Clin Microbiol 4 2012 50 4 1376 1383 10.1128/JCM.05852-11 22278835 PMC3318548 · DOI
  89. [90]Nicolle LE Harding GK Preiksaitis J Ronald AR The association of urinary tract infection with sexual intercourse J Infect Dis 11 1982 146 5 579 583 10.1093/infdis/146.5.579 7130747 · DOI
  90. [91]Stapleton A Latham RH Johnson C Stamm WE Postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial JAMA 8 1990 264 6 703 706 2197450
  91. [92]Stamatiou C Bovis C Panagopoulos P Petrakos G Economou A Lycoudt A Sex-induced cystitis – patient burden and other epidemiological features Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2005 32 3 180 182 16433159
  92. [93]Hooton TM Scholes D Hughes JP Winter C Roberts PL Stapleton AE Stergachis A Stamm WE A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women N Engl J Med 8 1996 335 7 468 474 10.1056/NEJM199608153350703 8672152 · DOI
  93. [94]Scholes D Hooton TM Roberts PL Stapleton AE Gupta K Stamm WE Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women J Infect Dis 10 2000 182 4 1177 1182 10.1086/315827 10979915 · DOI
  94. [95]Gilbert NM O’Brien VP Lewis AL Transient microbiota exposures activate dormant Escherichia coli infection in the bladder and drive severe outcomes of recurrent disease PLoS Pathog 3 2017 13 3 e1006238 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006238 28358889 PMC5373645 · DOI
  95. [96]Lewis AL Gilbert NM Bjerklund Johansen TE Wagenlehner FME Cho YH Matsumoto T Krieger JN Shoskes D Naber KG Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: Evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models Urogenital Infections and Inflammations 2017- Duesseldorf GMS 10.5680/lhuii000055 PMC7186798 32373427 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lewis, A. L., & Gilbert, N. M.
Affiliations
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID
Venue
German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Publisher
German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Published
2020-03-26
Volume
8
Pages
Doc02-Doc02
DOI
10.3205/id000046
PMC
PMC7186798
OpenAlex
W3026073043
Cited by
79
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5
FWCI
1.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • GMS infectious diseases (cc-by)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK110225)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
Keywords
urinary tract infection, vaginal microbiota, host-pathogen interaction, immunomodulation, urinary tract colonization, infection susceptibility, experimental infection model

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review