The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

Romero, Roberto; Hassan, Sonia S; Gajer, Pawel; Tarca, Adi L; Fadrosh, Douglas W; Nikita, Lorraine; Galuppi, Marisa; Lamont, Ronald F; Chaemsaithong, Piya; Miranda, Jezid; Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn; Ravel, Jacques

doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-4

Cited by 864Reproductive tract infections researchGut microbiota and healthOral microbiology and periodontitis research

The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

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Romero, Roberto, Hassan, Sonia S, Gajer, Pawel, Tarca, Adi L, Fadrosh, Douglas W, Nikita, Lorraine, Galuppi, Marisa, Lamont, Ronald F +4 more·2014·Microbiome

DOI 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4PMC PMC3916806

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to characterize the vaginal microbiota throughout normal human pregnancy using sequence-based techniques. We compared the vaginal microbial composition of non-pregnant patients with a group of pregnant women who delivered at term. RESULTS: A retrospective case-control longitudinal study was designed and included non-pregnant women (n = 32) and pregnant women who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks) without complications (n = 22). Serial samples of vaginal fluid were collected from both non-pregnant and pregnant patients. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based survey was conducted using pyrosequencing to characterize the structure and stability of the vaginal microbiota. Linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used to identify the phylotypes whose relative abundance was different between the two study groups. The vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women was different from that of non-pregnant women (higher abundance of Lactobacillus vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii and lower abundance of 22 other phylotypes in pregnant women). Bacterial community state type (CST) IV-B or CST IV-A characterized by high relative abundance of species of genus Atopobium as well as the presence of Prevotella, Sneathia, Gardnerella, Ruminococcaceae, Parvimonas, Mobiluncus and other taxa previously shown to be associated with bacterial vaginosis were less frequent in normal pregnancy. The stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women was higher than that of non-pregnant women; however, during normal pregnancy, bacterial communities shift almost exclusively from one CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. to another CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. CONCLUSION: We report the first longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiota in normal pregnancy. Differences in the composition and stability of the microbial community between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed. Lactobacillus spp. were the predominant members of the microbial community in normal pregnancy. These results can serve as the basis to study the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Five major subcategories of cervicovaginal bacterial species were identified and defined as Community State Types (CSTs).
“Five major subcategories of cervicovaginal bacterial species were identified and defined as Community State Types (CSTs).”
From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
Among the four groups, there was a high prevalence of lactobacilli; L. crispatus prevailed in CST I, L. gasseri in CST II, L. iners in CST III, and L. jensenii in CST V; CST IV is predominated by anaerobic bacteria such as G. vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, and Megasphaera spp., similar to the vaginal microbiota in bacterial vaginosis.
“Among the four groups, there was a high prevalence of lactobacilli. In particular, L. crispatus prevailed in CST I, L. gasseri in CST II, L. iners in CST III, and L. jensenii in CST V. In the remaining Community state type (CST IV) predominate anaerobic bacteria, such G. vaginalis , Atopobium vaginae , and Megasphaera spp., similar to the vaginal microbiota in bacterial vaginosis [27, 28].”
From Vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infections in women: the protective role of vaginal lactobacilli in counteracting urinary tract infections occurrence and recurrence (2026) · cites this paper as [28]

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Donders GG Gram stain method shows better sensitivity than clinical criteria for detection of bacterial vaginosis in surveillance of pregnant, low-income women in a clinical setting Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999 7 273 275 10598915 PMC1784764

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Romero, R. J., Hassan, S. S., Gajer, P., Tarca, A. L., Fadrosh, D. W., Bieda, J., Chaemsaithong, P., Miranda, J., Chaiworapongsa, T., & Ravel, J. (2014) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-18 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
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Authors: Romero, R., Hassan, S. S., Gajer, P., Tarca, A. L., Fadrosh, D. W., Nikita, L., Galuppi, M., Lamont, R. F., Chaemsaithong, P., Miranda, J., Chaiworapongsa, T., & Ravel, J.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Corresponding author: Romero, Roberto
Ravel, Jacques
ORCID: Romero, Roberto
Hassan, Sonia S
Tarca, Adi L
Chaemsaithong, Piya
Miranda, Jezid
Chaiworapongsa, Tinnakorn
Ravel, Jacques
Venue: Microbiome
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-02-03
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 10-10
ISSN: 2049-2618 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4
PMC: PMC3916806
OpenAlex: W2100318919
Cited by: 852
References: 280
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 49.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2014-04-15)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Microbiome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
Human Biology (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Wayne State University
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Keywords: vaginal microbiota, pregnancy, Lactobacillus, microbiome stability, bacterial vaginosis, Atopobium, Gardnerella, term birth

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The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

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