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The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects
Open accessAbstract
Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version. The 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, regarded as the standard for breastfed infants and children, were introduced for children aged 0-35 months. For children and adolescents aged 3-18 years, these new growth charts include height-for-age, weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age charts, and were developed using data obtained in 1997 and 2005. Data sets and exclusion criteria were applied differently for the development of the different growth charts. BMI-for-age charts were adjusted to decrease the 95th percentile values of BMI. Criteria for obesity were simplified and defined as a BMI of ≥95th percentile for age and sex. The 3rd percentile values for height-for-age charts were also increased. Additional percentile lines (1st and 99th) and growth charts with standard deviation lines were introduced. 2017 Korean National Growth Charts are recommended for the evaluation of body size and growth of Korean children and adolescents for use in clinics and the public health sector in Korea.
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“Among KNHANES participants 1–20 years of age, those with weight for height <−3 standard deviation (SD) or >+2 SD were excluded. These cutoff values for subject selection were used in previous Korean Growth Charts and are considered appropriate for preventing skewness.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“To overcome the drawbacks of previous reference charts, the newly developed WC reference adopted up-to-date statistical methodology, such as the removal of subjects with extreme weight, smoothing of percentile lines, and the LMS estimation method, which was applied in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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MethodSelf-citationJeong, H. R., Lee, H. S., & Hwang, S. (2024) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.15178 · Cited by 2
“The SDS for height, weight and BMI were calculated based on the 2017 Korean national growth charts [15].”
Self-citationJun, S., Park, H., Lee, H. A., Lee, H. A., Hong, Y. S., & Park, H. (2025) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2025001 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, participants’ height, weight, and BMI were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS) using the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for children and adolescents [25].”
You, S. W., Cho, S., & Suh, J. (2025) · Kidney Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.23876/j.krcp.24.219 · Cited by 2
Physical development as an indicator of children health
Rzaeva, Y. V., & Писарик, В. М. (2025) · Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Seria XXIII Antropologia) · doi:10.55959/msu2074-8132-25-2-5 · Cited by 2
Kim, D., Yoon, J., Hwang, S., et al. (2025) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2448128.064 · Cited by 2
“Height, weight, and BMI were expressed as SDSs based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [18].”
Self-citationLee, Y., Jeong, H. R., Kim, E. Y., Noh, E.-S., Jin, H. Y., Kwon, E. B., Lee, H. J., Park, S. H., Seo, Y., Seo, G. H., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf533 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSong, K., Lee, E., Lee, H. S., Lee, H. C., Kim, J. Y., Choi, Y., & Chae, H. W. (2025) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.70017 · Cited by 2
“25 Participants were further classified in normal ‐ weight ( 85th percentile), overweight (85th to 95th percentile), or obese ( ≥ 95th percentile) groups according to their BMI.”
Self-citationKim, H. J. (2025) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2025.28.6.335 · Cited by 2
Song, K., Lee, E., Hy, L., Lee, H. C., Kim, J. Y., choi, Y., & Chae, H. W. (2026) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01892-5 · Cited by 3
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InfluentialSelf-citationShin, M. W., Kim, H., Ryu, S., & Kim, S.-H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27031230 · Cited by 3
“Height and BMI z-scores (SDS) were derived using the lambda–mu–sigma method as described in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [21].”
InfluentialSelf-citationHan, Y.-H., Park, D., Kim, D., et al. (2026) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2026.20.1.132 · Cited by 2
“The children’s height, weight, and obesity status were reported using age-and sex-specific percentiles from the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [20].”
Chung, I.-H., Hong, Y. H., & Chung, S. (2026) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2550224.112 · Cited by 2
Lee, J. H., Ryu, J. S., Kang, Y., & Yang, S. (2026) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2025.0468 · Cited by 2
Self-citationBaek, J. Y., Jin, J. O., Kim, J. H., et al. (2022) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16495 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRa, J. S. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231174562 · Cited by 2
“Then, the BMI value was transformed into a percentile according to the Korean national growth chart for children and adolescents (Kim et al., 2018); (3) currently did not have any diagnosed physical and psychosocial health problems that could in fl uence self-report; and (4) participants and their…”
MethodAssociation of Infant Feeding Characteristics With Dietary Patterns and Obesity in Korean Childhood
Kim, K., & Shin, M.-K. (2023) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.22.504 · Cited by 2
Use of the Subcutaneous Triptorelin Stimulation Test for Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty
Ahn, J., Lee, Y., Gim, S., & Jeong, H. R. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10111830 · Cited by 3
“…scores (SDSs) for height, weight, and BMI were calculated using age-and sex-specific least mean square parameters based on 2017 growth reference values for Korean children and adolescents developed by the Korean Pediatric Society and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [15].”
MethodSelf-citationKim, Y. K., & Park, P. G. (2023) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-23-361 · Cited by 2
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“The patient, at 6 years and 11 months old, weighed only 12 kg, which is below the first percentile on the Korean standard growth chart, indicating severe underweight or mal-nutrition status [5, 6].”
Tresa, A., Khadilkar, V. V., Jahagirdar, R. R., et al. (2025) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-025-05437-6 · Cited by 2
Endocrine and metabolic comorbidities in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
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“Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by height in meters squared (kg/m 2 ), with BMI z -scores determined based on the 2017 Korean National Growth charts [10].”
Lee, K. R., Kim, W. J., Lee, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/bpo.0000000000002942 · Cited by 2
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Kwon, Y., Choi, S.-Y., Lee, Y., & Lee, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91271-x · Cited by 3
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Self-citationPhysical Growth Trajectories in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Study
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Self-citationAssociation between vitamin D deficiency and anemia among Korean adolescent girls and young women
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“젊은 성인 여성의 경우 세계보건기구 (World Health Organization, WHO) 아시아-태평양 지역의 기준을 이용하여 [18] BMI가 25 kg/m(2) 이상, 여자 청소년의 경우 소아 청소년 성장 도표를 이용하여 [19] 연령별 BMI가 95 백분위수 이상일 경우 비만으로 정의하였다.”
Influences of Socioeconomic Status on Short Stature in Childhood
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Association between the Use of Diuretics and Size Reduction in Pediatric Atrial Septal Defect
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Self-citationDiscrete-time Survival Analysis of Risk Factors for Early Menarche in Korean Schoolgirls
Gil, Y. J., Park, J. H., & Sung, J. (2022) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.22.428 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationFetal growth rather than prematurity determines lung function in children with asthma
Kim, H. S., Lee, S. W., Kim, J. T., et al. (2023) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.14528 · Cited by 2
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MethodSelf-citationSohn, J. A., Chang, J. Y., Oh, S., & Hong, J. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e363 · Cited by 2
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“BMI was determined according to age and sex based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart [11].”
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“Using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts (Kim et al., 2018), we computed the BMI percentile adjusted for age and gender in accordance with previous studies on Korean adolescents (Bahk & Khang, 2016; Kim & Moon, 2020; Kim et al., 2020; Lim & Wang, 2013; Lim et al., 2014) to classify the weight status of participant…”
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“16) Sugawara et al. suggested that measurement of the GA level and the GA/ HbA1c ratio were more useful than the HbA1c level for predicting infant complications due to GDM. 17) The demand for new biomarkers has led to several studies of GA. Kim et al. 18) reported that a GA level > 16% was associated with poorer outco…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLee, K. H., Kim, B. S., Seo, G., Yang, H., Kim, K., & Yang, E. A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11111297 · Cited by 1
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“Age-and sex-specific z-scores were computed for weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) using Lambda Mu Sigma tables from the KDCA.”
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“Height, weight, and BMI were reported as standard deviation scores based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [14].”
Self-citationPlacental cadmium and its association with maternal diet and offspring growth in Koreans
Kim, D., Lee, C., Kim, Y. H., et al. (2025) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2025.19.3.473 · Cited by 1
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Choi, S.-W., & Kim, S.-Y. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091072 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLee, Y. J., Oh, J., Jang, D. J., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13151835 · Cited by 1
“Based on their mean age, the average height and weight were within the 95th and 85th percentiles [19], respectively, confirming that the study included healthy infants and young children.”
Self-citationLee, K., Choi, J., Choe, Y., & Yang, S. (2025) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2448248.124 · Cited by 1
“Age-and sex-standardized z -scores for height, weight, and BMI were determined using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [23].”
Self-citationEndocrine complications after solid organ transplantation in childhood and adolescents
Yoon, J., Kim, D., Hwang, S., Kim, J. H., & Choi, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1658780 · Cited by 1
“Height-and BMI-SDS were calculated using the 2017 Korean National growth charts, based on sex-and age-speci fi c L, M, and S parameters (25).”
Self-citationHierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Smoking Prevalence and Cigarettes per Day in South Korea
Choi, C. K., Lee, H. J., Suh, M., et al. (2025) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaf221 · Cited by 1
Park, S., Hwang, J., Park, S., et al. (2025) · 대한지역사회영양학회지 · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2025.00248 · Cited by 1
Incidence and multisystem preadolescent complications of Turner syndrome: a nationwide study
Cha, J. H., Kang, E., Na, J. Y., Ryu, S., Choi, Y., & Kim, J. H. (2025) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2025.06.009 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKim, S., Kim, S. J., Cho, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1661018 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCho, Y. H., Ryu, S., & Ahn, J. (2025) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-025-07106-4 · Cited by 1
Yoo, J. E., Kim, Y. K., Kim, J. Y., Cho, K. W., Kim, S. J., Kim, S., Choi, Y., Song, K., Lee, E. B., Chae, H. W., et al. (2025) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000550258 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWoo, H. A., Cho, J. H., Shim, K. S., Kim, D. H., Jung, H. W., & Han, M. Y. (2025) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2550026.013 · Cited by 1
“The height, weight, and BMI z -scores were based on the 2017 Korean National growth charts [19].”
Kim, J. H., Park, J. H., Lee, H. S., & Shim, Y. S. (2025) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2550020.010 · Cited by 1
“The height SDS, weight SDS, BMI SDS, TMI SDS, and WC SDS were determined through LMS methods using the 2017 Korean reference [17].”
Self-citationClinical and Genetic Significance of Chromosomal Microarray Screening of Asymptomatic Newborns
Choi, N., Kim, H. Y., & Ko, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.70160 · Cited by 1
Mun, E., Kim, K. H., Choi, J. E., Park, H., Lee, H. A., & Kim, H. S. (2026) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-026-06510-5 · Cited by 1
“Participants with a BMI at the ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex were classified as overweight and obese [26] according to the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [27].”
Kang, S., Xiaoming, Q., & Hyunsik, K. A. N. G. (2026) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2026.2637039 · Cited by 1
Dietary intake and eating behaviors by weight status among rural preschool children: NQ-P analysis
Park, J.-S., Lee, H., An, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2026.59.1.63 · Cited by 1
Ha, E., Kim, J. H., Shin, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.70457 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCho, H., Jeon, H., Kang, C., et al. (2026) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2026.05.006 · Cited by 1
Choe, J., Lee, J., & Kim, J. H. (2026) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2550296.148 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWHO-Anthro Growth Standard's Effect On Quality and Data On Toddler Nutrition
Rahmad, A. H. A. (2022) · Ghidza Jurnal Gizi dan Kesehatan · doi:10.22487/ghidza.v6i2.570 · Cited by 1
Kim, S. J., Jin, J. H., & Chung, I. H. (2023) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2244190.095 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSong, K., Jung, M. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, S., Choi, H. S., Lee, M., Suh, J., Kwon, A., Chae, H. W., & Kim, H.-S. (2023) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101531 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGoh, Y., Choi, S.-W., Kim, S.-Y., et al. (2023) · 대한지역사회영양학회지 · doi:10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.1.1 · Cited by 1
“The study assessed the growth and nutritional status of adolescents based on the ‘2017 Childhood and Adolescent Growth Chart’ published by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and the Korean Pediatric Society [13].”
Self-citationKim, Y., & Bang, K. (2023) · Child Health Nursing Research · doi:10.4094/chnr.2023.29.4.280 · Cited by 1
“The classification of weight status in this study is based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [32].”
MethodChoi, Y. J., Lee, N. Y., Ahn, M. B., Kim, S. H., Cho, W. K., Cho, K. S., Jung, M. H., & Suh, B. (2023) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2244202.101 · Cited by 3
“23) Also, laboratory values, including fasting serum glucose (FG), GA, HbA1c, GA/HbA1c ratio, cortisol, insulin, C-peptide, and lipid profiles, were evaluated.”
Self-citationMun, E., Lee, H. A., Choi, J. E., Lee, R., Kim, K. H., Park, H., & Kim, H. S. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030370 · Cited by 1
“Subjects with a BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents were defined as overweight [16].”
MethodYang, K., Ahn, J., Woo, S., et al. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04813-z · Cited by 1
“The parameters are expressed as z-scores or percentiles of the same age based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [10].”
MethodSelf-citationLee, S., Ko, A., Park, S., et al. (2024) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11177 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLee, N.-W., Kim, Y.-M., Kim, Y. H., Kang, S., Jang, K. M., Kim, H. S., Moon, J.-E., & Kim, J. (2024) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2346124.062 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPark, J., ten Hoor, G. A., Cho, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.07.015 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J. H., Yun, S., Hwang, S.-S., Shim, J. O., Chae, H. W., Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. C., Lim, D., Yang, S. W., Oh, K., Moon, J. S., The Committee for the Development of Growth Standards for Korean Children and Adolescents, The Committee for School Health and Public Health Statistics, T. K. P. S., & Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, K. C. F. D. C. A. P.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KR)
- Korea University Guro Hospital (KR)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Pusan National University Children's Hospital (KR)
- Chungbuk National University (KR)
- Jeonbuk National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Oh, Kyungwon
- Moon, Jin Soo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Korean Pediatric Society
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 135
- ISSN
- 1738-1061 (ISSN-L)
- 2092-7258
- PMC
- PMC5976563
- OpenAlex
- W2803129443
- Semantic Scholar
- b19ce79f2b3b48572e42bc71d85db1df5710014f
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 9.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (2016-E34004-00)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- child growth standards, anthropometric reference values, height-for-age, body mass index for age, weight-for-age, head circumference, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, childhood obesity, WHO Child Growth Standards, Korean children and adolescents
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