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The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects
Open accessAbstract
Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version. The 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, regarded as the standard for breastfed infants and children, were introduced for children aged 0-35 months. For children and adolescents aged 3-18 years, these new growth charts include height-for-age, weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age charts, and were developed using data obtained in 1997 and 2005. Data sets and exclusion criteria were applied differently for the development of the different growth charts. BMI-for-age charts were adjusted to decrease the 95th percentile values of BMI. Criteria for obesity were simplified and defined as a BMI of ≥95th percentile for age and sex. The 3rd percentile values for height-for-age charts were also increased. Additional percentile lines (1st and 99th) and growth charts with standard deviation lines were introduced. 2017 Korean National Growth Charts are recommended for the evaluation of body size and growth of Korean children and adolescents for use in clinics and the public health sector in Korea.
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“Among KNHANES participants 1–20 years of age, those with weight for height <−3 standard deviation (SD) or >+2 SD were excluded. These cutoff values for subject selection were used in previous Korean Growth Charts and are considered appropriate for preventing skewness.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“To overcome the drawbacks of previous reference charts, the newly developed WC reference adopted up-to-date statistical methodology, such as the removal of subjects with extreme weight, smoothing of percentile lines, and the LMS estimation method, which was applied in the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts.9”
From Reference Values for Waist Circumference and Waist–Height Ratio in Korean Children and Adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“대한 소아청소년과학회의 비만 정의 기준에 따라 2세 미만에서는 WHZ 기준으로, 2세에서 18세까지는 BMIZ를 기준으로 +2 SD (standard deviation) 이상인 경우를 비만으로 분류하였고, 그 이후 연령에서 는 BMI 25 kg/m(2) 이상을 비만으로 분류하였다.(8) 상관관계 분석 시 에는 전 연령에서 WHZ를 사용하여 분석하였다.”
Self-citationAdolescents' Self-Perceived Weight and Metabolic Syndrome
Lee, K. (2022) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2022.0061 · Cited by 1
“23,24 Since the age of each participant was provided in years, but the LMS values in the reference sets were month specific, the means of LMS values specific for age in months corresponding to the same age in years (for example, mean LMS values of 120–131 months for 10-year-olds) were considered to…”
NUTRITION STATUS OF CHILDREN IN KEBON PALA, JAKARTA
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“In glancing over selected documents which present child growth curves in South Korea and Japan, one often comes across tables and graphs which provide 3, 50 and 97 percentile values by age (“completed years”), from 6 to 18 years old, for example [20] [21].”
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MethodInfluentialCho, K. Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-146410/v1
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“20 가 공동개발한 “2017 소아청소년 성장도표(Kim et al., 2018)”를 이용하였다.”
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Nutritional Intake of Children in Kebon Pala East Jakarta
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BackgroundCommentary on "The prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in youth with diabetes mellitus"
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MethodBilateral Normal Tension Glaucoma in a Healthy Child Without Myopia
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Self-citationEndocrine Complications in Hepatic Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Long-term Perspective
Kim, J. H., Lee, Y., Hwang, S., Kim, D., Lee, B. H., Kim, G.-H., Yoo, H., & Choi, J. (2024) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-2444-4320
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Self-citationChoi, N., Kim, H. Y., & Ko, J. M. (2024) · Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1002/mgg3.70028
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“BMI was categorized as normal ( 85th percentile), over-weight (85th to 95th percentile), or obese ( ≥ 95th percentile) [19].”
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“Height, weight, and body mass index ( BMI) Z -scores were calculated using the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts ( KNGC2017) for children and adolescents [10 ].”
InfluentialSelf-citationKim, S.-D., Lee, B., Chang, G. T., Lee, E. K., Ko, M. M., Kim, A., Kim, Y., Seo, S., & Son, M. J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-105760
“For child participants under 19 years of age, the participant’s height, weight and BMI percentiles will be calculated using the 2017 Paediatric Growth Chart by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 27 comparing these metrics with other participants of the same age and gender.”
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“19 These z -scores were subsequently used for statistical analysis.”
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“Academic performance was evaluated based on grades over the past 12 months and categorized into three groups: high, middle (upper middle, middle, and lower middle), and low [21,24,25].”
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“Z-scores Z-scores were calculated based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [12].”
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Self-citationLee, H. S., Rhie, Y., Kim, J., Chae, H. W., Lee, Y. A., Kim, Y. M., Kim, J. H., Hong, Y. H., Ahn, M. B., & Hwang, J. S. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04535-x
“To calculate the SDSs of height, weight, and BMI, we used LMS parameters (Lambda for the skew, Mu for the median, and Sigma) from the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [17].”
Self-citationLee, B.-D., Moon, K.-R., Kim, J. Y., et al. (2026) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-025-12263-z
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“여 하향 조정하는 방향으로 개정되었다[6].”
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“Age-and sex-specific standard deviation scores (SDSs) for height, weight, and BMI were calculated using the mean and standard deviation values from the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [15].”
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Self-citationAssociation Between Family Structure and Obesity Among Korean Adolescents
Yoonsoo, S. U. N. G., & Lee, J. (2026) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20250301
Self-citationLee, H. J., Bae, S. J., Noh, E.-S., Jin, H. Y., Hwang Il, T., Ryu, S., & Jeong, H. R. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27041742
“Height, weight, and BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) and percentiles were determined for each participant based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [51].”
Cho, K. W., Kim, Y. K., Yoo, J. E., et al. (2026) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2550064.032
“…of 2018, the SDS values for height, weight, and BMI were calculated, and standard growth charts were used with 2 growth reference values for Korean children and adole scents in 2007 and 2017 provided by the Korean Acade my of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [12,13].”
Self-citationClinical predictors of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Demographic and physical factors
Choi, H., Choi, Y., Park, C.-S., Kim, S. W., Kim, S. W., Kim, B.-G., & Lee, D. C. (2026) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2026.112773
Self-citationKim, S., & Ha, K. (2026) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104666
Self-citationMuller, X., Pienaar, A. E., Gerber, B., et al. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13030372
Shin, S., Woo, H. A., Lee, H., Lee, Y. J., Kim, H. Y., Lee, Y. A., Shin, C. S., Lee, H., & Kim, J. (2026) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2026.41.e118
Self-citationChun, D., Rhie, Y., Sawyer, J., Kang, J., Yoon, N., & Kim, J. (2026) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.70105 · Cited by 2
“Children classified as overweight, with a body mass index (BMI) between the 85th and 95th percentiles, are a key group for obesity prevention efforts [14–16].”
Self-citationCho, M. H., An, S. J., Shim, Y. S., Hwang, J. S., & Lee, H. S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-44912-8
“Reference values for the LMS method were taken from the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents 10 .”
Choi, J. W., Ryu, Y. J., Cheon, J. S., et al. (2026) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.252761
Self-citationPredictors of Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Graves’ Disease
Shin, Y. S., Kang, E., Nam, H., Lee, K., & Rhie, Y. (2026) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2026.41.e169
Trends in growth hormone utilization in Korea: a nationwide study from 2019 to 2023
Kim, J.-Y., Jung, Y., Ahn, D., & Yun, J. E. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14557-4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLee, E.-Y., Han, G., & Jeong, H. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27491-1
“BMI was calculated as kg/m² and then converted to age-and sex-standardized BMI Z-score based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts [17].”
Kim, S. O., & Jeong, Y.-H. (2026) · Child Health Nursing Research · doi:10.4094/chnr.2025.035
Self-citationTrends in the prevalence of asthma by BMI groups among adolescents in South Korea, 2007–2024
Hwangbo, G., Kim, H., Kim, Y. W., et al. (2026) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.70348
Self-citationKim, K. Y., Cho, S. Y., Kim, M. J., Kim, H. Y., Suh, J., Cheon, C. K., Nam, H., Shin, C. H., Lee, Y. A., & Lee, Y. J. (2026) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2025.2703
“Z-scores were calculated sepa - rately for each karyotype according to the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents [19].”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J. H., Yun, S., Hwang, S.-S., Shim, J. O., Chae, H. W., Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. C., Lim, D., Yang, S. W., Oh, K., Moon, J. S., The Committee for the Development of Growth Standards for Korean Children and Adolescents, The Committee for School Health and Public Health Statistics, T. K. P. S., & Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, K. C. F. D. C. A. P.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KR)
- Korea University Guro Hospital (KR)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Pusan National University Children's Hospital (KR)
- Chungbuk National University (KR)
- Jeonbuk National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Oh, Kyungwon
- Moon, Jin Soo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Korean Pediatric Society
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 135
- ISSN
- 1738-1061 (ISSN-L)
- 2092-7258
- PMC
- PMC5976563
- OpenAlex
- W2803129443
- Semantic Scholar
- b19ce79f2b3b48572e42bc71d85db1df5710014f
- Cited by
- 638
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 9.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Korean Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (2016-E34004-00)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- child growth standards, anthropometric reference values, height-for-age, body mass index for age, weight-for-age, head circumference, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, childhood obesity, WHO Child Growth Standards, Korean children and adolescents
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