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Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: a review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on land and sea
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MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 434:251-266 (2011) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09214 REVIEWOngoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: a review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on land and sea Camilo Mora1,3,*, Peter F. Sale2 1Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada 2Institute for Water, Environment and Health, United Nations University, Port Carling, Ontario P0B 1J0, Canada 3Present address: Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA *Email: moracamilo@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: A leading strategy in international efforts to reverse ongoing losses in biodiversity is the use of protected areas. We use a broad range of data and a review of the literature to show that the effectiveness of existing, and the current pace of the establishment of new, protected areas will not be able to overcome current trends of loss of marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Despite local successes of well-designed and well-managed protected areas proving effective in stemming biodiversity loss, there are significant shortcomings in the usual process of implementation of protected areas that preclude relying on them as a global solution to this problem. The shortcomings include technical problems associated with large gaps in the coverage of critical ecological processes related to individual home ranges and propagule dispersal, and the overall failure of such areas to protect against the broad range of threats affecting ecosystems. Practical issues include budget constraints, conflicts with human development, and a growing human population that will increase not only the extent of anthropogenic stressors but the difficulty in successfully enforcing protected areas. While efforts towards improving and increasing the number and/or size of protected areas must continue, there is a clear and urgent need for the development of additional solutions for biodiversity loss, particularly ones that stabilize the size of the world’s human population and our ecological demands on biodiversity. KEY WORDS: Land protected areas · Marine protected areas · Effectiveness · Conservation · Biodiversity loss · Human population · Human consumption Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Mora C, Sale PF (2011) Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: a review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on land and sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 434:251-266. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09214 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 434. Online publication date: July 28, 2011 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2011 Inter-Research.
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mora, C., & Sale, P.
- Venue
- Marine Ecology Progress Series
- Publisher
- Inter-Research Science Center
- Published
- 2011-07-28
- Volume
- 434
- Pages
- 251-266
- ISSN
- 0171-8630 (ISSN-L)
- 1616-1599
- OpenAlex
- W2322881094
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 24.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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