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COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density and nutritional status in adolescent apprentice jockeys and wrestlers. The study included a total of 54 athletes, consisting of 31 apprentice jockeys and 23 wrestlers. More ever, in the evaluation of the study 7 apprentice jockeys and 5 wrestlers whose weight averages were between the 25th and 75th percentiles were also evaluated. All athletes that participated in the study got their bone mineral density measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method, and also got their 7-day food and fluid intake recorded. Based on overall evaluation, apprentice jockeys were found to have lower total-body bone mineral density (1.013±0.99) than wrestlers (1.352±0.121). However, the BMI (kg/m2) and mean age of the athletes whose weights are between the 25th and 75th percentile were found to be similar, and the BMD (1.226±0.084) values of the wrestlers in this group were also higher than the apprentice jockeys (1.062±0.037) (p= 0.007). Food and fluid intake comparisons showed that apprentice jockeys had higher energy intake (kcal/kg), CHO intake (g/kg) and water intake (ml/kg) compared to wrestlers. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between calcium and phosphorus intake and bone mineral density measurements (p < 0.05). It has been determined that the BMD values of the wrestlers are higher than the apprentice jockeys, whether they have similar BMI and average age or not. Wrestlers resort to less weight loss practices and less food restriction, and engage in higher-intensity exercise, which may be associated with higher bone mineral density.
Overview
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TL;DR
In adolescent apprentice jockeys and wrestlers, wrestlers had higher total-body and regional bone mineral density than apprentice jockeys, including in a BMI/age-similar subset. Apprentice jockeys reported higher relative energy, carbohydrate, and water intake, while wrestlers had higher intakes of many micronutrients including calcium and phosphorus.
Key findings
- Wrestlers had higher total-body BMD (1.352±0.121 g/cm²) than apprentice jockeys (1.013±0.99 in abstract/table; 1.013±0.099 in discussion), p<0.001; Z-scores were -1.32±0.74 vs 2.21±1.21, p<0.001. In the 25th–75th percentile subset (7 jockeys, 5 wrestlers), wrestlers still had higher BMD (1.226±0.084 vs 1.062±0.037, p=0.007).
- Apprentice jockeys had higher relative energy (53.10±10.14 vs 44.21±6.88 kcal/kg, p=0.002), carbohydrate (5.86±1.21 vs 4.57±0.76 g/kg, p<0.001), and water intake (69.80±23.08 vs 35.49±9.77 ml/kg, p<0.001); wrestlers had higher calcium (1225.63±431.56 vs 904.46±182.11 mg, p=0.002) and phosphorus (2347.44±598.17 vs 1547.56±256.63 mg, p<0.001).
- Total-body BMD correlated positively with calcium (r=0.387, p=0.004), phosphorus (r=0.546, p<0.001), muscle mass (r=0.858, p<0.01), and height (r=0.771, p<0.01); vitamin D was not significantly correlated (r=0.051, p=0.719). Water intake and urine density had a weak negative correlation (r=-0.497, p<0.01).
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of 54 licensed adolescent athletes aged 15–19: 31 apprentice jockeys and 23 wrestlers; 12 athletes (7 jockeys, 5 wrestlers) within the 25th–75th weight percentile were also compared.
- DEXA measured BMD/BMC/body composition and Z-scores; a 7-day food and fluid record was analyzed (BeBiS 9); hydration was assessed by morning urine specific gravity on three days. Training differed: wrestlers trained 90 min morning + 90 min evening 6 days/week; apprentice jockeys trained horse work 60 min + conditioning 45 min 5 days/week.
- Analyses included descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality, Mann-Whitney U, independent t-test, chi-square, Spearman correlation, and Cohen’s d effect sizes; significance p<0.05.
Limitations
- Stated: vitamin D and calcium were not evaluated by blood test; sample limited to 31 apprentice jockeys and 22 wrestlers (as stated in the limitations, though the methods/results report 23 wrestlers); physical differences by sport type; limited representativeness and cross-sectional design.
- Evident from the text: the apprentice jockeys’ total-body BMD standard deviation is inconsistent across the abstract/table (1.013±0.99) and discussion (1.013±0.099), and the wrestler n is reported as both 23 and 22.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study, however, found a positive and significant correlation between calcium intake and total-body bone density (r=0.387,p=0.004).”
- Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
“Calcium | 0.387 | 0.004**”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > DISCUSSION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Limitations · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group with more muscle mass was also found to have higher bone mineral density.”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > CONCLUSION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, total BMD was found to have a strong positive correlation with muscle mass (r=0.858,p<0.01), and a strong positive correlation with height (r=0.771,p<0.01).”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > RESULTS
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bone mineral density measurements found lower Z-scores in apprentice jockeys compared to wrestlers (p<0.01).”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption not shown here.
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In the paper
“In terms of vitamin and mineral intake, vitamin D and vitamin C intake were statistically similar in both groups, while intake of other micronutrients was higher in wrestlers.”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > RESULTS
“The analysis of correlation between total-body bone mineral density and calorie and nutrient intake showed that calcium and vitamin D had a weak and insignificant correlation with BMD (p>0.05).”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Limitations
“| Calcium | 0.387 | 0.004** |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Abstract
“apprentice jockeys were found to have lower total-body bone mineral density (1.013±0.99)than wrestlers (1.352±0.121).”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > DISCUSSION
“Our study found the total-body BMD of apprentice jockeys to be 1.013±0.099.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Limitations
“The study was limited to the participation of a total of 31 apprentice jockeys and 22 wrestlers.”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Participants
“The sample size consisted of 54 participants in total, consisting of apprentice jockeys (n=31) and wrestlers (n=23).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > RESULTS
“Water consumption and urine density were found to have a weak negative correlation (r=-0.497,p<0.01).”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Statistical Analysis
“The correlation coefficient is evaluated according to the following classification: 0-0.10 negligible; 0.10-0.39weak; 0.40-0.69moderate; 0.70-0.89strong; 0.90-1 very strong (Schober et al., 2018).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > Limitations
“| BMI (kg/cm 2 ) | 18.03±1.72 | 25.76±3.59 | 0.000**a | .979 | 19.95±1.54 | 21.30±0.88 | 0.167a | .766 |”
§ COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN ADOLESCENT WRESTLERS AND APPRENTICE JOCKEYS > DISCUSSION
“This study found that apprentice jockeys had a mean BMI (kg/m2) of 18.03±1.72.”
Citations
Cites
Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002864 · Cited by 10,986
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128
Lenhard, W., & Lenhard, A. (2017) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.17823.92329 · Cited by 526
Reference Values for Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements in Athletes
Santos, D. A., Dawson, J. A., Matias, C. N., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Allison, D. B., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097846 · Cited by 282
Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K2, and magnesium supplementation and skeletal health
Capozzi, A., Scambia, G., & Lello, S. (2020) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.020 · Cited by 200
Acute-Weight-Loss Strategies for Combat Sports and Applications to Olympic Success
Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0211 · Cited by 178
Reale, R., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1297489 · Cited by 143
ACSM Expert Consensus Statement on Weight Loss in Weight-Category Sports
Burke, L. M., Slater, G., Matthews, J. J., Langan‐Evans, C., & Horswill, C. A. (2021) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000831 · Cited by 137
Weight loss strategies in combat sports and concerning habits in mixed martial arts
Barley, O. R., Chapman, D. W., & Abbiss, C. R. (2018) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0715 · Cited by 127
Nutrition and athlete bone health
Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01161-2 · Cited by 127
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ayar, M., & Özbey, F.
- Affiliations
- Beykent University (TR)
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Ayar, Muttalip
- Venue
- Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
- Publisher
- Spormetre
- Published
- 2024-09-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 1304-284X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402886813
- Semantic Scholar
- b10a067e564dea649ec207c7b9b5accad840d6f0
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 41
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- tr
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Beykent University Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of Health Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- bone mineral density, nutritional status, youth athletes, wrestlers, anthropometric features, body mass index, energy intake, calcium intake, dietary phosphorus, weight loss practices, dietary restriction, exercise intensity
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