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Cited by 169biodegradable polymer synthesis and propertiesPolymer crystallization and propertiesNatural Fiber Reinforced Composites

In vivo and Post-synthesis Strategies to Enhance the Properties of PHB-Based Materials: A Review

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Turco, Rosa, Santagata, Gabriella, Corrado, Iolanda, Pezzella, Cinzia, Di Serio, Martino·2021·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
DOI 10.3389/fbioe.2020.619266PMC PMC7874203
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Abstract

The transition toward “green” alternatives to petroleum-based plastics is driven by the need for “drop-in” replacement materials able to combine characteristics of existing plastics with biodegradability and renewability features. Promising alternatives are the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial biodegradable polyesters produced by a wide range of microorganisms as carbon, energy, and redox storage material, displaying properties very close to fossil-fuel-derived polyolefins. Among PHAs, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is by far the most well-studied polymer. PHB is a thermoplastic polyester, with very narrow processability window, due to very low resistance to thermal degradation. Since the melting temperature of PHB is around 170–180°C, the processing temperature should be at least 180–190°C. The thermal degradation of PHB at these temperatures proceeds very quickly, causing a rapid decrease in its molecular weight. Moreover, due to its high crystallinity, PHB is stiff and brittle resulting in very poor mechanical properties with low extension at break, which limits its range of application. A further limit to the effective exploitation of these polymers is related to their production costs, which is mostly affected by the costs of the starting feedstocks. Since the first identification of PHB, researchers have faced these issues, and several strategies to improve the processability and reduce brittleness of this polymer have been developed. These approaches range from the in vivo synthesis of PHA copolymers, to the enhancement of post-synthesis PHB-based material performances, thus the addition of additives and plasticizers, acting on the crystallization process as well as on polymer glass transition temperature. In addition, reactive polymer blending with other bio-based polymers represents a versatile approach to modulate polymer properties while preserving its biodegradability. This review examines the state of the art of PHA processing, shedding light on the green and cost-effective tailored strategies aimed at modulating and optimizing polymer performances. Pioneering examples in this field will be examined, and prospects and challenges for their exploitation will be presented. Furthermore, since the establishment of a PHA-based industry passes through the designing of cost-competitive production processes, this review will inspect reported examples assessing this economic aspect, examining the most recent progresses toward process sustainability.

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  • P3HB has a density (1.23 g/cm3) that suggests a predisposition to settle down in aquatic environments, although turbulence, water flow, and thunderstorms can lead to its resuspension within the water column.

    “Its density (1.23 g/cm3) suggests a predisposition to settle down in aquatic environments, although factors such as turbulence, water flow, and thunderstorms can lead to its resuspension within the water column [[24], [25], [26]].”

    From Assessing the ecological consequences of biodegradable plastics: Acute, chronic and multigenerational impacts of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate microplastics on freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna (2024) · cites this paper as [25]

    Table 1 in the Introduction lists PHB’s density as 1.23 g/cm3, supporting the numerical property attributed to the source. The reviewed passages do not discuss P3HB settling in aquatic environments or being resuspended by turbulence, water flow, or thunderstorms; searches for those processes found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

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Authors
Turco, R., Santagata, G., Corrado, I., Pezzella, C., & Di Serio, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IT)
Corresponding author
Pezzella, Cinzia
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-01-14
Volume
8
Pages
619266-619266
ISSN
2296-4185 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fbioe.2020.619266
PMC
PMC7874203
OpenAlex
W3118617319
Cited by
169
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 9
FWCI
1.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
Keywords
polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyalkanoates, biodegradable plastics, post-synthetic modification, plasticizers, crystallization, glass transition temperature, polymer blending, thermal degradation, mechanical properties, production costs, process sustainability

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