A First Study of the Virulence Potential of a Bacillus subtilis Isolate From Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent
Open accessAbstract
Bacillus subtilis is the best studied Gram-positive bacterium, primarily as a model of cell differentiation and industrial exploitation. To date, little is known about the virulence of B. subtilis. In this study, we examined the virulence potential of a B. subtilis strain (G7) isolated from the Iheya North hydrothermal field of Okinawa Trough. G7 is aerobic, motile, endospore-forming, and requires NaCl for growth. The genome of G7 is composed of one circular chromosome of 4,216,133 base pairs with an average GC content of 43.72%. G7 contains 4,416 coding genes, 27.5% of which could not be annotated, and the remaining 72.5% were annotated with known or predicted functions in 25 different COG categories. Ten sets of 23S, 5S, and 16S ribosomal RNA operons, 86 tRNA and 14 sRNA genes, 50 tandem repeats, 41 mini-satellites, one microsatellite, and 42 transposons were identified in G7. Comparing to the genome of the B. subtilis wild type strain NCIB 3610T, G7 genome contains many genomic translocations, inversions, and insertions, and twice the amount of genomic Islands (GIs), with 42.5% of GI genes encoding hypothetical proteins. G7 possesses abundant putative virulence genes associated with adhesion, invasion, dissemination, anti-phagocytosis, and intracellular survival. Experimental studies showed that G7 was able to cause mortality in fish and mice following intramuscular/intraperitoneal injection, resist the killing effect of serum complement, and replicate in mouse macrophages and fish peripheral blood leukocytes. Taken together, our study indicates that G7 is a B. subtilis isolate with unique genetic features and can be lethal to vertebrate animals once being introduced into the animals by artificial means. These results provide the first insight into the potential harmfulness of deep-sea B. subtilis.
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The VFDB database includes virulence factors found in B. subtilis and B. velezensis, such as capBCA and hemolysin A (hlyA).
“The VFDB database used includes several virulence factors that can be found in both B. subtilis and B. velezensis species, such as capBCA (encoding membrane-associated enzymes facilitating systemic invasion) and hemolysin A (hlyA, a pore-forming toxin that possesses hemolytic, cytotoxic, dermonecrotic, and vascular permeability activities) [100, 101].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [100]
The Methods (Genome Sequencing and Analysis; page unavailable) say the authors used VFDB to identify virulence-factor genes. The Results (Virulence-Associated Genes in G7 Genome, Table 2; page unavailable) list capA, capB and capC in two B. subtilis strains, but list hemolysin III (hlyIII), not hemolysin A (hlyA). The paper does not establish that these factors occur in B. velezensis or give the claimed activities of hlyA. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Gu, H.-J., Sun, Q.-L., Luo, J.-C., Zhang, J., & Sun, L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Li
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-05-31
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 183-183
- ISSN
- 2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6554283
- OpenAlex
- W2947857072
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA22050403)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- Bacillus subtilis, virulence, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, Okinawa Trough, bacterial genomes, genomic islands, transposable elements, ribosomal RNA operon, complement resistance, macrophage replication, fish mortality, mouse lethality, endospore-forming bacteria, novel pathogens
- MeSH terms
- RAW 264.7 Cells, Animals, Bacillus subtilis, Base Composition, Cell Line, Disease Models, Animal, DNA, Bacterial, Female, Fishes, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Pacific Ocean, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Seawater, Sodium Chloride, Temperature, Virulence, Water Microbiology, Genome, Bacterial, Sequence Analysis, Virulence Factors, Mice, Hydrothermal Vents
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