Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Molecular Determinants of Virulence

Smith, Issar

doi:10.1128/cmr.16.3.463-496.2003

Cited by 1,154Tuberculosis Research and EpidemiologyInfectious Diseases and TuberculosisMycobacterium research and diagnosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Molecular Determinants of Virulence

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Smith, Issar·2003·Clinical Microbiology Reviews

DOI 10.1128/cmr.16.3.463-496.2003PMC PMC164219

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Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the oldest known human diseases. is still is one of the major causes of mortality, since two million people die each year from this malady. TB has many manifestations, affecting bone, the central nervous system, and many other organ systems, but it is primarily a pulmonary disease that is initiated by the deposition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, contained in aerosol droplets, onto lung alveolar surfaces. From this point, the progression of the disease can have several outcomes, determined largely by the response of the host immune system. The efficacy of this response is affected by intrinsic factors such as the genetics of the immune system as well as extrinsic factors, e.g., insults to the immune system and the nutritional and physiological state of the host. In addition, the pathogen may play a role in disease progression since some M. tuberculosis strains are reportedly more virulent than others, as defined by increased transmissibility as well as being associated with higher morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Despite the widespread use of an attenuated live vaccine and several antibiotics, there is more TB than ever before, requiring new vaccines and drugs and more specific and rapid diagnostics. Researchers are utilizing information obtained from the complete sequence of the M. tuberculosis genome and from new genetic and physiological methods to identify targets in M. tuberculosis that will aid in the development of these sorely needed antitubercular agents.

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Switching from aerobic respiration to various forms of anaerobic respiration to deal with low oxygen levels has been implicated as an important virulence attribute in several prokaryotic pathogens.
“switching from aerobic respiration to various forms of anaerobic respiration to deal with low oxygen levels has been implicated as an important virulence attribute in several prokaryotic pathogens [18],[19]”
From A Sterol-Regulatory Element Binding Protein Is Required for Cell Polarity, Hypoxia Adaptation, Azole Drug Resistance, and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus (2008) · cites this paper as [18]

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Comparison of in vitro models for the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis invasion and intracellular replication
Mehta, P. K., King, C. H., White, E. H., Murtagh, J. J., & Quinn, F. D. (1996) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.64.7.2673-2679.1996 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Virulence ranking of some Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis strains according to their ability to multiply in the lungs, induce lung pathology, and cause mortality in mice
Dunn, P., & North, R. J. (1995) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.63.9.3428-3437.1995 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Persistence and Protective Efficacy of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Auxotroph Vaccine
Jackson, M., Phalen, S. W., Lagranderie, M., Ensergueix, D., Chavarot, P., Marchal, G., McMurray, D. N., Gicquel, B., & Guilhot, C. (1999) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.67.6.2867-2873.1999 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Overexpression of heat-shock proteins reduces survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the chronic phase of infection
Stewart, G. R., Snewin, V. A., Walzl, G., Hussell, T., Tormay, P., Gaora, P. Ó., Goyal, M., Betts, J. C., Brown, I. N., & Young, D. B. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/89113 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
TB vaccines: progress and problems
Andersen, P. L. (2001) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01865-8 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The unique trafficking pattern of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes in murine macrophages is independent of the mechanism of bacterial entry
Rathman, M., Barker, L. P., & Falkow, S. (1997) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.65.4.1475-1485.1997 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Expression of the Bacillus subtilis sacB gene confers sucrose sensitivity on mycobacteria
Pelicic, V., Reyrat, J., & Gicquel, B. (1996) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.178.4.1197-1199.1996 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Gene Knockout Reveals a Novel Gene Cluster for the Synthesis of a Class of Cell Wall Lipids Unique to Pathogenic Mycobacteria
Azad, A. K., Sirakova, T. D., Fernandes, N. D., & Kolattukudy, P. E. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.27.16741 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Insertional mutagenesis and illegitimate recombination in mycobacteria.
Kalpana, G. V., Bloom, B. R., & Jacobs, W. R. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.12.5433 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Overview of Clinical Tuberculosis
Hopewell, P. C. (2014) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1128/9781555818357.ch3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Characterization of an iron-dependent regulatory protein (IdeR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a functional homolog of the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Schmitt, M. P., Predich, M., Doukhan, L., Smith, I., & Holmes, R. K. (1995) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.63.11.4284-4289.1995 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multiple paralogous genes related to the Streptomyces coelicolor developmental regulatory gene whiB are present in Streptomyces and other actinomycetes The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are: wblA, AJ239085; wblB, AJ239086; wblE, AJ239087; and wblI, AJ239088.
Soliveri, J. A., Gomez, J. E., Bishai, W. R., & Chater, K. F. (2000) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-146-2-333 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Allelic exchange in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with long linear recombination substrates
Balasubramanian, V., Pavelka, M. S., Bardarov, S. S., Martin, J., Weisbrod, T. R., McAdam, R. A., Bloom, B. R., & Jacobs, W. R. (1996) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.178.1.273-279.1996 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Characterization of Murine Lung Dendritic Cells Infected withMycobacterium tuberculosis
Juarrero, M. G., & Orme, I. M. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.2.1127-1133.2001 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A parallel intraphagosomal survival strategy shared by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica
Buchmeier, N. A., Blanc‐Potard, A., Ehrt, S., Piddington, D. L., Riley, L. W., & Groisman, E. A. (2000) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01797.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Identification of macrophage and stress-induced proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Lee, B. Y., & Horwitz, M. A. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118028 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Protocols
Parish, T., & Stoker, N. G. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1592591477 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genes Induced during Infection of Human Macrophages
Dubnau, E., Fontán, P. A., Manganelli, R., Soares-Appel, S., & Smith, I. (2002) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.70.6.2787-2795.2002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citation
rpsL+: a dominant selectable marker for gene replacement in mycobacteria
Sander, P., Meier, A., & Böttger, E. C. (1995) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02324.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Anaerobic nitrate reductase (narGHJI) activity of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in vitro and its contribution to virulence in immunodeficient mice
Weber, I., Fritz, C., Ruttkowski, S., Kreft, A., & Bange, F. (2000) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01794.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Iron, DtxR, and the regulation of diphtheria toxin expression
Tao, X., Schiering, N., Zeng, H., Ringe, D., & Murphy, J. R. (1994) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01280.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Iron and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Lounis, N., Truffot-Pernot, C., Grosset, J., Gordeuk, V. R., & Boelaert, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00136-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Innate Immunity to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
van Crevel, R., Ottenhoff, T. H. M., & van der Meer, J. W. M. (2003) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0059-9_20 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cavitary tuberculosis produced in rabbits by aerosolized virulent tubercle bacilli
Converse, P. J., Dannenberg, A. M., Estep, J. E., Sugisaki, K., Abe, Y., Schofield, B., & Pitt, M. L. M. (1996) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.64.11.4776-4787.1996 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Regulation of catalase–peroxidase (KatG) expression, isoniazid sensitivity and virulence by furA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pym, A. S., Domenech, P., Honoré, N., Song, J., Deretic, V., & Cole, S. T. (2001) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02427.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Tuberculosis
(1994) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818357 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Construction and Characterization of aMycobacterium tuberculosisMutant Lacking the Alternate Sigma Factor Gene,sigF
Chen, P., Ruiz, R. E., Li, Q., Silver, R. F., & Bishai, W. R. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.10.5575-5580.2000 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Identification of aMycobacterium tuberculosisGene That Enhances Mycobacterial Survival in Macrophages
Wei, J., Dahl, J. L., Moulder, J. W., Roberts, E. A., Gaora, P. Ó., Young, D. B., & Friedman, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.2.377-384.2000 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Mycobacterial FurA is a negative regulator of catalase-peroxidase gene katG
Zahrt, T. C., Song, J., Siple, J., & Deretic, V. P. (2001) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02321.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Electroporation at elevated temperatures substantially improves transformation efficiency of slow-growing mycobacteria
Wards, B. J., & Collins, D. M. (1996) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08563.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Identification of Fur, Aconitase, and Other Proteins Expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis under Conditions of Low and High Concentrations of Iron by Combined Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry
Wong, D. K., Lee, B., Horwitz, M. A., & Gibson, B. W. (1999) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.67.1.327-336.1999 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
whmD is an essential mycobacterial gene required for proper septation and cell division
Gomez, J. E., & Bishai, W. R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.140225297 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A common mechanism for the biosynthesis of methoxy and cyclopropyl mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Yuan, Y., & Barry, C. E. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.12828 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with antisense oligonucleotides to glutamine synthetase mRNA inhibits glutamine synthetase activity, formation of the poly- l -glutamate/glutamine cell wall structure, and bacterial replication
Harth, G., Zamecnik, P. C., Tang, J., TABATADZE, D. R., & Horwitz, M. A. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.1.418 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effects of overexpression of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpC on the virulence and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Heym, B., Stavropoulos, E., Honoré, N., Domenech, P., Saint‐Joanis, B., Wilson, T. M., Collins, D. M., Colston, M. J., & Cole, S. T. (1997) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.65.4.1395-1401.1997 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐activated dendritic cells induce protective immunityin mice
Tascon, R. E., Soares, S. C., Ragno, S., Stavropoulos, E., Hirst, E. M. A., & Colston, M. J. (2000) · Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00963.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works

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Intraocular Tuberculosis—An Update
Gupta, V., Gupta, A., & Rao, N. A. (2007) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.015 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Virulence factors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Forrellad, M. A., Klepp, L. I., Gioffré, A., y García, J. S., Morbidoni, H. R., Santangelo, M. D. L. P., Cataldi, A. A., & Bigi, F. (2013) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.22329 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Li, L., Bannantine, J. P., Zhang, Q., Amonsin, A., May, B. J., Alt, D. P., Banerji, N., Kanjilal, S., & Kapur, V. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505662102 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Next-generation sequencing: insights to advance clinical investigations of the microbiome
Wensel, C. R., Pluznick, J. L., Salzberg, S. L., & Sears, C. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci154944 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
THE MAGIC BULLETS AND TUBERCULOSIS DRUG TARGETS
Zhang, Y. (2004) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100120 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Current Insights
Mathema, B., Kurepina, N. E., Bifani, P. J., & Kreiswirth, B. N. (2006) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00061-05 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoPR two‐component system regulates genes essential for virulence and complex lipid biosynthesis
Walters, S. B., Dubnau, E., Kolesnikova, I., Laval, F., Daffé, M., & Smith, I. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05102.x · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citation
Induction of a Novel Class of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases and Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as It Goes into a Dormancy-Like State in Culture
Daniel, J., Deb, C., Dubey, V., Sirakova, T., Abomoelak, B., Morbidoni, H. R., & Kolattukudy, P. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.15.5017-5030.2004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications
Periferakis, A., Periferakis, K., Bădărău, I. A., Petran, M. E., Popa, D. C., Căruntu, A., Costache, R. S., Scheau, C., Căruntu, C., & Costache, D. O. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232315054 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Multiplex Paper-Based Colorimetric DNA Sensor Using Pyrrolidinyl Peptide Nucleic Acid-Induced AgNPs Aggregation for Detecting MERS-CoV, MTB, and HPV Oligonucleotides
Teengam, P., Siangproh, W., Tuantranont, A., Vilaivan, T., Chailapakul, O., & Henry, C. S. (2017) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00255 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
A Sterol-Regulatory Element Binding Protein Is Required for Cell Polarity, Hypoxia Adaptation, Azole Drug Resistance, and Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus
Willger, S. D., Puttikamonkul, S., Kim, K.-H., Burritt, J. B., Grahl, N., Metzler, L. J., Barbuch, R., Bard, M., Lawrence, C. B., & Cramer, R. A. (2008) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000200 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)
Biet, F., Boschiroli, M. L., Thorel, M. F., & Guilloteau, L. L. A. (2005) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1051/vetres:2005001 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Alveolar Macrophages in the Resolution of Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Tolerance to Infection
Allard, B., Panariti, A., & Martin, J. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01777 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Tuberculous Granuloma Formation Is Enhanced by a Mycobacterium Virulence Determinant
Volkman, H. E., Clay, H., Beery, D., Chang, J. C., Sherman, D. R., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020367 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Small-molecule inhibition of siderophore biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Yersinia pestis
Ferreras, J. A., Ryu, J., Lello, F. A. D., Tan, D. S., & Quadri, L. E. N. (2005) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio706 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
New old challenges in tuberculosis: Potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery
Sosnik, A., Carcaboso, A. M., Glisoni, R. J., Moretton, M. A., & Chiappetta, D. A. (2009) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.023 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Virulence of SelectedMycobacterium tuberculosisClinical Isolates in the Rabbit Model of Meningitis Is Dependent on Phenolic Glycolipid Produced by the Bacilli
Tsenova, L., Ellison, E., Harbacheuski, R., Moreira, A. L., Kurepina, N. E., Reed, M. B., Mathema, B., Barry, C. E., & Kaplan, G. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/430614 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Tuberculous pleural effusions: advances and controversies.
Vorster, M. J., Allwood, B., Diacon, A. H., & Koegelenberg, C. F. N. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.02.18 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosiscontrols host innate immune activation through cyclopropane modification of a glycolipid effector molecule
Rao, V., Fujiwara, N., Porcelli, S. A., & Glickman, M. S. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041668 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The σ factors ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Rodrigue, S., Provvedi, R., Jacques, P., Gaudreau, L. R., & Manganelli, R. (2006) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00040.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Autophagy Gene Variant IRGM −261T Contributes to Protection from Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but Not by M. africanum Strains
Intemann, C. D., Thye, T., Niemann, S., Browne, E. N. L., Chinbuah, M. A., Enimil, A. K., Gyapong, J. O., Osei, I., Owusu‐Dabo, E., Helm, S., et al. (2009) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000577 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Combating bacteria and drug resistance by inhibiting mechanisms of persistence and adaptation
Smith, P. A., & Romesberg, F. E. (2007) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2007.27 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review
Hashish, E. A., Merwad, A. M. A., Elgaml, S. A., Amer, A., Kamal, H., Elsadek, A., Marei, A. M., & Sitohy, M. Z. (2018) · Veterinary Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
σ Factors and Global Gene Regulation inMycobacterium tuberculosis
Manganelli, R., Provvedi, R., Rodrigue, S., Beaucher, J., Gaudreau, L. R., & Smith, I. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.4.895-902.2004 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Macrophage Responses to IFN-γ through Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
Fortune, S. M., Solache, A., Jaeger, A., Hill, P. J., Belisle, J. T., Bloom, B. R., Rubin, E. J., & Ernst, J. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6272 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Assessing causality in epidemiology: revisiting Bradford Hill to incorporate developments in causal thinking
Shimonovich, M., Pearce, A., Thomson, H., Keyes, K. M., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00703-7 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Trans-cyclopropanation of mycolic acids on trehalose dimycolate suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced inflammation and virulence
Rao, V. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci27335 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
CtpV: a putative copper exporter required for full virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Ward, S. K., Abomoelak, B., Hoye, E. A., Steinberg, H. N., & Talaat, A. M. (2010) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07273.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiologic, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects - Part I
dos Santos, J. B., Figueiredo, A. R., Ferraz, C., de Oliveira, M. H., da Silva, P. G., & de Medeiros, V. L. S. (2014) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142334 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Survival perspectives from the world's most successful pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hingley‐Wilson, S., Sambandamurthy, V. K., & Jacobs, W. R. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni981 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Triazole: A Promising Antitubercular Agent
Keri, R. S., Patil, S. A., Budagumpi, S., & Nagaraja, B. M. (2015) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.12527 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
MprAB Is a Stress-Responsive Two-Component System That Directly Regulates Expression of Sigma Factors SigB and SigE in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
He, H., Hovey, R., Kane, J. M., Singh, V. K., & Zahrt, T. C. (2006) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.188.6.2134-2143.2006 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The sigma factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis : regulation of the regulators
Sachdeva, P., Misra, R., Tyagi, A. K., & Singh, Y. P. (2009) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07479.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Mutation in the Transcriptional Regulator PhoP Contributes to Avirulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra Strain
Lee, J. S., Krause, R., Schreiber, J., Mollenkopf, H., Kowall, J., Stein, R., Jeon, B., Kwak, J.-Y., Song, M.-K., Patron, J. P., et al. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.01.002 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
STING signaling and host defense against microbial infection
Ahn, J., & Barber, G. N. (2019) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-019-0333-0 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Acyltransferases in Bacteria
Röttig, A., & Steinbüchel, A. (2013) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00010-13 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Genetic Requirements for the Survival of Tubercle Bacilli in Primates
Dutta, N. K., Mehra, S., Didier, P. J., Roy, C. J., Doyle, L. A., Alvarez, X. A., Ratterree, M. S., Be, N. A., Lamichhane, G., Jain, S. K., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/652497 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Exploring the potential of genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 technology
Singh, V., Braddick, D., & Dhar, P. K. (2016) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.008 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Human tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: A review on genetic diversity, pathogenesis and omics approaches in host biomarkers discovery
Kanabalan, R. D., Lee, L. J., Lee, T. Y., Chong, P. P., Hassan, L., Ismail, R., & Chin, V. K. (2021) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126674 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Contribution of Horizontally Acquired Genomic Islands to the Evolution of the Tubercle Bacilli
Becq, J., Gutierrez, M. C., Rosas-Magallanes, V., Rauzier, J., Gicquel, B., Neyrolles, O., & Deschavanne, P. (2007) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msm111 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Extensive Summary of the Important Roles of Indole Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbial Metabolite in Host Health and Disease
Jiang, H., Chen, C., & Gao, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010151 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Molecular Chaperones in Pathogen Virulence: Emerging New Targets for Therapy
Neckers, L., & Tatu, U. S. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.011 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Tuberculous Uveitis: Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Rao, N. A. (2006) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.124.12.1777 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Flux Balance Analysis of Mycolic Acid Pathway: Targets for Anti-Tubercular Drugs
Raman, K., Rajagopalan, P., & Chandra, N. R. (2005) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010046 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell infusion as adjunct treatment in patients with multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: an open-label phase 1 safety trial
Skrahin, A., Ahmed, R. K. S., Ferrara, G., Rane, L., Poiret, T., Isaikina, Y., Skrahina, A. M., Zumla, A. I., & Maeurer, M. J. (2014) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70234-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
PhoP, a key player in Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence
Ryndak, M. B., Wang, S., & Smith, I. (2008) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.08.006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citation
Application of Nanoparticle Technologies in the Combat against Anti-Microbial Resistance
Kumar, M., Curtis, A. D. M., & Hoskins, C. (2018) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10010011 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases: Simple Bystander or Contributing Factor?
Gois, P. H. F., Ferreira, D., Olenski, S., & Seguro, A. C. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070651 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Malnutrition: Modulator of Immune Responses in Tuberculosis
Padmapriyadarsini, C., Saravanan, N., Bethunaickan, R., & Tripathy, S. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01316 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Virulent clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grow rapidly and induce cellular necrosis but minimal apoptosis in murine macrophages
Park, J. S., Tamayo, M. H., Gonzalez-Juarrero, M., Orme, I. M., & Ordway, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0505250 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Evidence for Reductive Genome Evolution and Lateral Acquisition of Virulence Functions in Two Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Strains
Ruiz, J. C., D’Afonseca, V., Silva, A., Ali, A., Pinto, A. C., dos Santos, A. R., Rocha, A. A. M. C., Lopes, D. D. O., Dorella, F. A., Pacheco, L. G. C., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018551 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
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Authors: Smith, I.
Affiliations: International Center for Public Health (US)
Corresponding author: Smith, Issar
Venue: Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2003-07
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 463-496
ISSN: 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
1098-6618
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.3.463-496.2003
PMC: PMC164219
OpenAlex: W2157638040
Cited by: 1,154
References: 322
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 3.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL 68513, R01HL064544, R01 HL 64544, R01HL068513)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI 48856, R01AI048856)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis pathogenesis, bacterial virulence factors, host immune response, pulmonary tuberculosis, transmissibility, host genetics, host nutritional status, tuberculosis vaccine, tuberculosis drug targets, tuberculosis diagnosis
MeSH terms: Animals, Antitubercular Agents, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Macrophages, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Transcription, Genetic, Tuberculosis, Virulence, Genome, Bacterial, Proteomics

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