Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and adipokinetic hormone signaling systems share a common evolutionary origin
Open accessAbstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a critical and central hormone that regulates vertebrate reproduction. The high conservation of GnRH signaling within the chordates (deuterostomians) raises the important question as to whether its appearance might date back prior to the divergence of protostomian and deuterostomian lineages, about 700 million years ago. This leads to several important questions regarding the evolution of the GnRH family. Has GnRH been retained in most protostomian lineages? And was regulation of reproduction already a function of ancestral GnRH? The first question can undoubtedly be answered affirmatively since several GnRH-like sequences have been found in wide variety of protostomian and deuterostomian phyla. However, based on their different primary functions in different phyla - which implies a less unanimous answer on the second question - consistency in the nomenclature of this peptide family has been lost. A comparative and phylogenetic approach shows that the ecdysozoan adipokinetic hormones (AKHs), lophotrochozoan GnRHs and chordate GnRHs are structurally related and suggests that they all originate from a common ancestor. This review supports the view that the AKH-GnRH signaling system probably arose very early in metazoan evolution, prior to the divergence of protostomians and deuterostomians.
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All bilaterians possess GnRH-like preprohormones.
“All bilaterians possess GnRH-like preprohormones (12, 13).”
From Corazonin signaling integrates energy homeostasis and lunar phase to regulate aspects of growth and sexual maturation in <i>Platynereis</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Lindemans, M., Janssen, T., Beets, I., Temmerman, L., Meelkop, E., & Schoofs, L.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Schoofs, Liliane
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3356000
- OpenAlex
- W1988283772
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone, adipokinetic hormone, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, Chordata, animal evolution, reproduction regulation
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