Evolution of GnRH: Diving deeper
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a central role in vertebrate reproduction. The evolutionary origin of this neuropeptide and its receptor is not obvious, but the advent of genomics makes it possible to examine the roots of GnRH and delve deeper into its ancestral relationships. New peptide sequences identified in invertebrates from annelids to tunicates reveal GnRH-like peptides of 10-12 amino acids. Structural conservation suggests homology between the 15 known invertebrate peptides and the 15 known vertebrate GnRHs. The functions of the invertebrate GnRH-like peptides are not necessarily related to reproduction. We suggest that structurally related families of invertebrate peptides including corazonin and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) form a superfamily of neuropeptides with the GnRH family. GnRH receptors have also been identified in invertebrates from annelids to tunicates suggesting that the origin of GnRH and its receptor extends deep in evolution to the origin of bilaterian animals. To resolve the relationship of invertebrate and vertebrate receptors, we conducted large-scale phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood. The data support a superfamily that includes GnRH, AKH and corazonin receptors derived from both published sequences and unpublished gene model predictions. Closely related to the GnRHR superfamily is the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of receptors. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a shared ancestry with deep roots. A functional role for GnRH in vertebrates or invertebrates leads to questions about the evolutionary origin of the pituitary. Our analysis suggests a functioning pituitary was the result of genomic duplications in early vertebrates.
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All cnidarian sequences retrieved by searches with either GnRHR-like or VPR/OTR-like receptors clustered together as outgroup to the represented bilaterian GnRHR/VPR/OTR-like receptors.
“Finally, all cnidarian sequences retrieved by searches with either GnRHR-like or VPR/OTR-like receptors (the most closely related group to all GnRHRs; ref. 58) clustered together as outgroup to the represented bilaterian GnRHR/VPR/OTR-like receptors (Fig. 1A)”
From Corazonin signaling integrates energy homeostasis and lunar phase to regulate aspects of growth and sexual maturation in <i>Platynereis</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
These receptor families diverged only after bilaterian origin.
“consistent with the notion that these receptor families diverged only after bilaterian origin (58).”
From Corazonin signaling integrates energy homeostasis and lunar phase to regulate aspects of growth and sexual maturation in <i>Platynereis</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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Evolution of the Reproductive Endocrine System in Chordates
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海洋イチリンソウ属Nematostella vectensisにおける化学的伝達 ゲノム展望
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The evolution and nomenclature of GnRH-type and corazonin-type neuropeptide signaling systems
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 suppresses food intake in the zebrafish, Danio rerio
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- Authors
- Roch, G. J., Busby, E. R., & Sherwood, N. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sherwood, Nancy M.
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081962689
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH receptor, neuropeptide evolution, corazonin, adipokinetic hormone, receptor phylogeny, genomic duplication, vertebrate reproduction, bilaterian origin
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Humans, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Receptors, LHRH, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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