Mathematical modeling of the pituitary–thyroid feedback loop: role of a TSH-T3-shunt and sensitivity analysis
Open accessAbstract
Despite significant progress in assay technology, diagnosis of functional thyroid disorders may still be a challenge, as illustrated by the vague upper limit of the reference range for serum thyrotropin (TSH). Diagnostical problems also apply to subjects affected by syndrome T, i.e. those 10% of hypothyroid patients who continue to suffer from poor quality of life despite normal $TSH$ concentrations under substitution therapy with levothyroxine (L-T_4). In this paper, we extend a mathematical model of the pituitary-thyroid feedback loop in order to improve the understanding of thyroid hormone homeostasis. In particular, we incorporate a TSH-T_3-shunt inside the thyroid, whose existence has recently been demonstrated in several clinical studies. The resulting extended model shows good accordance with various clinical observations, such as a circadian rhythm in free peripheral triiodothyronine (FT_3). Furthermore, we perform a sensitivity analysis of the derived model, revealing the dependence of TSH and hormone concentrations on different system parameters. The results have implications for clinical interpretation of thyroid tests, e.g. in the differential diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Upregulation of DIO1 and DIO2 by TSH is important in establishing the intrathyroidal TSH-T3 shunt pathway to preferentially stimulate T3 production.
“The upregulation of DIO1 and DIO2 by TSH is important in establishing the intrathyroidal TSH-T3 shunt pathway (180) to preferentially stimulate T3 production (181).”
From Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (2022) · cites this paper as [180]
The Introduction and Presentation of the Extended Model describe a TSH-stimulated intrathyroidal TSH–T3 pathway that includes conversion by type 1 and type 2 deiodinases. They do not establish that TSH upregulates both enzymes to create the pathway. The Dynamic Simulation also finds that type 2 deiodinase contributes negligibly to thyroidal T3 production in the modeled parameter set, so the claimed importance of both enzymes is overstated. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe intrathyroidal T4-to-T3 conversion driven by TSH-stimulated DIO2 induction was explored for its role in circadian secretion of T3.
“The intrathyroidal T4-to-T3 conversion driven by TSH-stimulated DIO2 induction was explored for its role in circadian secretion of T3 (180).”
From Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (2022) · cites this paper as [180]
The model description says it explores TSH-stimulated intrathyroidal T4-to-T3 conversion, and the Conclusion and Outlook links intrathyroidal T3 secretion to a circadian FT3 pattern. But the Dynamic Simulation section does not identify TSH-induced DIO2 as the driver: type 2 deiodination contributes only 0.002% of modeled thyroidal T3 secretion and is described as negligible. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA comprehensive mathematical model of the HPT axis involving both T3-TSH interaction and deiodinase activities has been established, though the submodel is composed of five differential equations.
“A comprehensive mathematical model of the HPT axis involving both T3-TSH interaction and deiodinase activities has been established, though the submodel per se is composed of five differential equations (79).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
Many models focus on various aspects of the HPT axis, but models that specifically simulate the molecular regulations in thyroid follicles are still uncommon.
“While there are many models focusing on various aspects of the HPT axis (180, 273–275), models that specifically simulate the molecular regulations in thyroid follicles are still uncommon.”
From Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (2022) · cites this paper as [180]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Bianco, A. C., Salvatore, D., Gereben, B., Berry, M. J., & Larsen, P. R. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.1.0455 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Minireview: Thyroid Hormone Transporters: The Knowns and the Unknowns
Visser, W. E., Friesema, E. C. H., & Visser, T. J. (2011) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2010-0095 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Russell, W., Harrison, R. F., Smith, N., Darzy, K., Shalet, S., Weetman, A. P., & Ross, R. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2674 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Pilo, A., Iervasi, G., Vitek, F., Ferdeghini, M., Cazzuola, F., & Bianchi, R. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.4.e715 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Chatzitomaris, A., Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Hering, S., Urban, A., Dietrich, B., Abood, A., Klein, H. H., & Dietrich, J. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00163 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationThyroid Hormone Signaling Pathways: Time for a More Precise Nomenclature
Flamant, F., Cheng, S.-Y., Hollenberg, A. N., Moeller, L. C., Samarut, J., Wondisford, F. E., Yen, P. M., & Refetoff, S. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00250 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Dietrich, J. W., Landgrafe-Mende, G., Wiora, E., Chatzitomaris, A., Klein, H. H., Midgley, J. E. M., & Hoermann, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00057 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationTSH and thyrotropic agonists: key actors in thyroid homeostasis
Dietrich, J. W., Landgrafe, G., & Fotiadou, E. H. (2012) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2012/351864 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationHomeostatic control of the thyroid-pituitary axis: perspectives for diagnosis and treatment
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00177 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in thyroid function tests in patients with stable untreated subclinical hypothyroidism
Karmisholt, J., Andersen, S., & Laurberg, P. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0241 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The TSH upper reference limit: where are we at?
Laurberg, P., Andersen, S., Carlé, A., Karmisholt, J., Knudsen, N., & Pedersen, I. B. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.13 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Giacobino, A., Eckl, W. A., Wahl, H. G., Dietrich, J. W., & Larisch, R. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12527 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationInduction of Outer and Inner Ring Monodeiodinases in Human Thyroid Gland by Thyrotropin
Ishii, H., Inada, M., Tanaka, K., Mashio, Y., Naito, K., Nishikawa, M., Matsuzuka, F., Kuma, K., & Imura, H. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-3-500 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Eisenberg, M., Samuels, M., & DiStefano, J. J. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0388 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Expression of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Human Osteoblast Is Stimulated by Thyrotropin
Morimura, T., Tsunekawa, K., Kasahara, T., Seki, K., Ogiwara, T., Mori, M., & Murakami, M. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1432 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0819 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, the sum activity of step-up deiodinases (GD) is positively correlated with the TSH concentration (11) and with the thyroidal volume (12) and significantly decreases after thyroidectomy.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExpression of Thyroid Hormone Transporters in the Human Hypothalamus
Alkemade, A., Friesema, E. C. H., Kalsbeek, A., Swaab, D. F., Visser, T. J., & Fliers, E. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2750 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Leow, M. K.-S., & Goede, S. L. (2014) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/1742-4682-11-35 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. (2015) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1398616 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationRelational Stability in the Expression of Normality, Variation, and Control of Thyroid Function
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00142 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDIETRICH, J. W., TESCHE, A., PICKARDT, C. R., & MITZDORF, U. (2004) · Cybernetics and Systems · doi:10.1080/01969720490443354 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationFamilial longevity is associated with higher tsh secretion and strong TSH-fT3 relationship
Jansen, S. W., Roelfsema, F., van der Spoel, E., Akintola, A. A., Postmus, I., Ballieux, B. E., Slagboom, P. E., Cobbaert, C. M., van der Grond, J., Westendorp, R. G., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2624 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Larisch, R., Dietrich, J. W., & Midgley, J. E. M. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTSH Regulation Dynamics in Central and Extreme Primary Hypothyroidism
Eisenberg, M. C., Santini, F., Marsili, A., Pinchera, A., & DiStefano, J. J. (2010) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0349 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Beech, S. G., Walker, S. W., Arthur, J. R., Lee, D., & Beckett, G. J. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0140171 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Dietrich, J. W., & Larisch, R. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018817716401 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFalaschi, P., Martocchia, A., Proietti, A., D’URSO, R., Gargano, S., Culasso, F., & Rocco, A. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dietrich, J. W. (2001) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4845.9368 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intrathyroidal feedforward and feedback network regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
Jing, L., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.992883 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Endocrine Autoimmune Disease as a Fragility of Immune Surveillance against Hypersecreting Mutants
Kohanim, Y. K., Tendler, A., Mayo, A., Friedman, N., & Alon, U. S. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Individualised requirements for optimum treatment of hypothyroidism: complex needs, limited options
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2019) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.212597 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRomano, R. M., de Oliveira, J. M., de Oliveira, V. M., de Oliveira, I. M., Torres, Y. R., Bargi‐Souza, P., Martino‐Andrade, A. J., & Romano, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.627167 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The role of functional thyroid capacity in pituitary thyroid feedback regulation
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamics of thyroid diseases and thyroid‐axis gland masses
Kohanim, Y. K., Milo, T., Raz, M., Karin, O., Bar, A., Mayo, A., Cohen, N. M., Toledano, Y., & Alon, U. S. (2022) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.202210919 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Autoimmune thyroid diseases as a cost of physiological autoimmune surveillance
Milo, T., Kohanim, Y. K., Toledano, Y., & Alon, U. S. (2023) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2023.03.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Pekker, M. J., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.825107 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Quest for System-Theoretical Medicine in the COVID-19 Era
Tretter, F., Olaf Wolkenhauer, A., Meyer‐Hermann, M., Dietrich, J. W., Green, S., Marcum, J. A., & Weckwerth, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.640974 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHoermann, R., Pekker, M. J., Midgley, J. E. M., & Dietrich, J. W. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188231158163 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional and Symptomatic Individuality in the Response to Levothyroxine Treatment
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00664 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLeng, G., & MacGregor, D. J. (2018) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2018.07.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2018) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2018/3239197 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, B., Tang, X., Haller, M. J., Schatz, D. A., & Rong, L. (2021) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110853 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bagga, A. D., Johnson, B. P., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1168663 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Optimal Hormone Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism - A Model Predictive Control Approach
Wolff, T. M., Dietrich, J. W., & Müller, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.884018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationHoermann, R., Pekker, M. J., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13192 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHanda, S., Hassan, I., Gilbert, M. E., & El-Masri, H. A. (2021) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab074 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bazika-Gerasch, B., Kumowski, N., Enax‐Krumova, E., Kaisler, M., Eitner, L., Maier, C., & Dietrich, J. W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63158-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationHoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100219 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationWolff, T. M., Veil, C., Dietrich, J. W., & Müller, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.882788 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic Levothyroxine Dosing Algorithm for Patients Suffering from Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Sharma, R., Theiler‐Schwetz, V., Trummer, C., Pilz, S., & Reichhartinger, M. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10060724 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A physiological mathematical model of the human thyroid
Pompa, M., Gaetano, A. D., Borri, A., Farsetti, A., Nanni, S., Pontecorvi, A., & Panunzi, S. (2024) · Journal of Computational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2024.102236 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Data-Based System Representations From Irregularly Measured Data
Alsalti, M., Markovsky, I., Lopez, V. G., & Müller, M. A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.2024.3423053 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies
Yang, B., Li, J., Haller, M. J., Schatz, D. A., & Rong, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1070979 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A comprehensive mathematical model of the HPT axis involving both T3-TSH interaction and deiodinase activities has been established, though the submodel per se is composed of five differential equations (79).”
BackgroundBagga, A. D., Johnson, B. P., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-024-03060-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lipidomic Perturbations in Cynomolgus Monkeys are Regulated by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Xu, T., Yang, Y., Huang, X., Ren, J., Xu, T., & Xie, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.640387 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clustering Based Parameter Estimation of Thyroid Hormone Pathway
Ghosh, D., & Mandal, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2020.2995589 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tillio, F. D., & Beltman, J. B. (2024) · Computational Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.comtox.2024.100330 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Steffens, B., Koch, G., Gaechter, P., Claude, F., Gotta, V., Bachmann, F., Schropp, J., Janner, M., l’Allemand, D., Konrad, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1099470 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A data driven diagnosis tool for thyroid hormones
Jamshidi, A. A., & Lamouki, G. R. R. (2018) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.09.023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mathematical Modeling of Thyroid Homeostasis: Implications for the Allan-Herndon-Dudley SyndromePreprint
Wolff, T. M., Veil, C., Dietrich, J. W., & Müller, M. A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.476744 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling of the thyroid hormone synthesis as a part of nonlinear reaction mechanism with feedback
Kolar-Anic, L. Z., Čupić, Ž., Maćešić, S. R., Ivanović-Šašić, A., & Dietrich, J. W. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106980 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKoch, G., Steffens, B., Leroux, S., Gotta, V., Schropp, J., Gaechter, P., Bachmann, F., Welzel, T., Janner, M., l’Allemand, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-021-09765-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hyperthyroidism therapy: What can decision support systems already achieve?
Benninger, T., Theiler‐Schwetz, V., Pilz, S., Trummer, C., & Reichhartinger, M. (2023) · Journal für Klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1007/s41969-023-00216-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Data-Based Model Identification of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Complex
Horvath, C., Körner, A., & Modiz, C. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68435-7_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Central sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and glucose metabolism disorders
Zhang, Y., Wang, S., & Li, P. (2025) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2025.120690 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lamichhane, T. R., Pant, S. P., Lamichhane, B., Paudel, S., Yadav, B. K., & Lamichhane, H. P. (2022) · BIOPHYSICS · doi:10.1134/s0006350922020130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal dynamics of Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction: A STEM approach
Flores, J. A. A., García, E. G., Rodríguez, J. F., Fortiz, R. M., Morales, G., Santiago, A. H., Herrera, E. A., & Vidal-Robles, E. (2020) · Revista Mexicana de Física E · doi:10.31349/revmexfise.17.178 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sensitivity Analysis in Mathematical Models of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Horvath, C., & Körner, A. (2024) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE · doi:10.37394/23208.2024.21.31 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jamshidi, A. A., & Lamouki, G. R. R. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102473 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Sckaff, M., Simon, J., Nguyen, P., Pendleton, M., & Cauwenberghs, G. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630381 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modeling and Predictive Control for the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
Wolff, T. M., Menzel, M., Dietrich, J. W., & Müller, M. A. (2025) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.03.041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThyroid Hormones-Thyrotropin Interrelationships in Thyroid Dysfunction StatesPreprint
Lamichhane, T. R., Pant, S. P., Lamichhane, B., Paudel, S., Yadav, B. K., & Lamichhane, H. P. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173252
Dietrich, J. W. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461028
Self-citationShames, R., & Wenzel, S. (2022) · Journal of Restorative Medicine · doi:10.14200/jrm.2022.0002
A New Mathematical Approach for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis in Children
Pompa, M., Gaetano, A. D., Borri, A., Farsetti, A., Nanni, S., D’Orsi, L., & Panunzi, S. (2024) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math12223452
Subject-Specific Dosage Estimation for Primary Hypothyroidism Using Sparse Data
Ghosh, D., & Mandal, C. (2025) · Journal of Computational Biology · doi:10.1089/cmb.2024.0752
Hoermann, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_3
Self-citationHoermann, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_11
Self-citationHypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Regulation
Hoermann, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_5
Self-citationMechanisms of Health and Disease
Hoermann, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3682-2_6
Self-citationAimaganova, A., Khovanova, N. A., Braybrook, E., Vryonis, E., Anderson, N. R., Young, L. S., & Grammatopoulos, D. K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25434-1
Li, J., Moyd, S. A., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.70202
Mathematische Modellierung der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Schilddrüsen Achse
Horvath, C., & Körner, A. (2026) · Journal für Endokrinologie Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1007/s41969-026-00310-z
- Authors
- Berberich, J., Dietrich, J. W., Hoermann, R., & Müller, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Stuttgart (DE)
- Witten/Herdecke University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, Matthias A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-03-21
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 91-91
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5871688
- OpenAlex
- W2790723135
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart
- Funders
- Baden-Württemberg Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone homeostasis, subclinical hypothyroidism, sensitivity analysis, TSH reference range
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
