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Cited by 35Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementBirth, Development, and HealthMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

Excessive Maternal Weight and Diabetes Are Risk Factors for Macrosomia: A Cross-Sectional Study of 42,663 Pregnancies in Uruguay

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Pereda, Jimena, Bove, Isabel, Pineyro, Maria M.·2020·Frontiers in Endocrinology
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2020.588443PMC PMC7669744
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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the risk of macrosomia in newborns from women with gestational diabetes, pregestational diabetes, overweight, and obesity in Uruguay in 2012, as well as its association with prolonged pregnancy, maternal age, multiparity, and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 42,663 pregnant women. The risk of macrosomia was studied using logistic regression. Results: Mean maternal age was 26.7 ± 6.8 years. Pregestational overweight and obesity was present in 20.9% and 10.7% of women, respectively. There were 28.1% and 19.8% of women overweight and obese at the end of the pregnancy, respectively. Furthermore, 0.5% had pregestational diabetes and 8.5% were multiparous. Twenty two percent developed gestational diabetes and 44.9% had EGWG. The prevalence of macrosomia was 7.9%, significantly more prevalent in males (10.0% vs. 5.5%, p<0.005). Univariate analysis showed that obesity and overweight pre-pregnancy, obesity and overweight at the end of pregnancy, EGWG, pregestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, multiparity, prolonged pregnancy, and male newborn were strongly associated with macrosomia (p<0.0001). Maternal age >35 years did not increase the risk of macrosomia. After multiple logistic regression macrosomia was more likely in pre-gestational obese women (OR 1.24; CI 1.07-1.44), overweight women at the end of pregnancy (OR 1.66; CI 1.46-1.87), obese women at the end of pregnancy (OR 2.21; CI 1.90-2.58), women with EGWG (OR 1.78; CI 1.59-1.98), pregestational diabetes (OR 1.75; CI 1.15-2.69), gestational diabetes (OR 1.39; CI 1.25-1.53), prolonged pregnancy (OR 2.67; CI 2.28-3.12), multiparity (OR 1.24; CI 1.04-1.48), and male newborn (OR 1.89; CI 1.72-2.08). Conclusion: Maternal overweight, obesity, EGWG, and gestational diabetes are prevalent in Uruguay, increasing the risk of macrosomia. Efforts to implement strategies to decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age are essential to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.

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  • In Uruguay, the gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence was estimated at 22% using only fasting glucose level ≥5.3 mmol/L.

    “The GDM prevalence was estimated at 22% using only fasting glucose level ≥ 5.3 mmol/L (≥92 mg/dL).”

    From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [96]

    The Results (Table 1) report gestational diabetes in 22% of the Uruguayan cohort, and Materials and Methods say it was classified using fasting glucose alone because 2-hour OGTT data were unavailable. But the paper specifies a threshold of ≥92 mg/dL, approximately 5.1 mmol/L—not ≥5.3 mmol/L. The citing sentence therefore gives an incorrect mmol/L threshold. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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  • Paraguay, Suriname, Bolivia, and Venezuela probably adopted the WHO/IADPSG criteria with regional modifications to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus.

    “They probably adopted the WHO/IADPSG criteria with regional modifications to diagnose GDM [78,96].”

    From Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century (2022) · cites this paper as [96]

    The Discussion says the WHO adopted the IADPSG criteria and that diagnostic practices vary across countries. The Materials and Methods describe their use in a Uruguayan study, but neither passage addresses whether Paraguay, Suriname, Bolivia, or Venezuela adopted the criteria with regional modifications. Searches for those countries and for regional diagnostic modifications found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.77)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pereda, J., Bove, I., & Pineyro, M. M.
Affiliations
Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
Corresponding author
Pineyro, Maria M.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Endocrinology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-11-03
Volume
11
Pages
588443-588443
ISSN
1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2020.588443
PMC
PMC7669744
OpenAlex
W3097138717
Cited by
35
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4
FWCI
2.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords
macrosomia, maternal obesity, maternal overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregestational diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, prolonged pregnancy, multiparity, newborn sex, risk factors, Uruguay, pregnancy outcomes
MeSH terms
Gestational Weight Gain, Pregnancy in Obesity, Obesity, Maternal, Adult, Birth Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Fetal Macrosomia, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Maternal Age, Parity, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Prolonged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Uruguay, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Young Adult, Self Report

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