Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: a Global Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Despite the increasing epidemic of diabetes mellitus affecting populations at different life stages, the global burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not well assessed. Systematically synthesized data on global prevalence estimates of GDM are lacking, particularly among developing countries. The hyperglycemic intrauterine environment as exemplified in pregnancies complicated by GDM might not only reflect but also fuel the epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We comprehensively reviewed available data in the past decade in an attempt to estimate the contemporary global prevalence of GDM by country and region. We reviewed the risk of progression from GDM to T2DM as well. Synthesized data demonstrate wide variations in both prevalence estimates of GDM and the risk of progression from GDM to T2DM. Direct comparisons of GDM burden across countries or regions are challenging given the great heterogeneity in screening approaches, diagnostic criteria, and underlying population characteristics. In this regard, collaborative efforts to estimate global GDM prevalence would be a large but important leap forward. Such efforts may have substantial public health implications in terms of informing health policy makers and healthcare providers for disease burden and for developing more targeted and effective diabetes prevention and management strategies globally.
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Women with GDM have a much higher risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM in later life than women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
“Women with GDM have a much higher risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM in later life than women with uncomplicated pregnancies7,195–201”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction and ‘Progression from GDM to T2DM’ results report a substantially higher later risk of T2DM in women with GDM than in non-GDM controls. The passages on impaired glucose tolerance concern diagnostic criteria during pregnancy, not a comparative risk of developing it later in life; that part of the claim is unsupported. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAboriginal Australians, Middle Easterners, and Pacific Islanders are the most at-risk groups for GDM.
“Aboriginal Australians, Middle Easterners, and Pacific Islanders are the most at-risk groups for GDM [16].”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results of the Literature Search identify the Middle East and North Africa as the region with the highest median GDM prevalence. But the paper does not identify Middle Easterners, Aboriginal Australians, and Pacific Islanders as the three most at-risk ethnic groups. Its discussion of ethnicity instead highlights Filipinas and Asians in a US study and women of South Asian origin in Australia. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus increased by more than 30% over the past two decades in numerous countries.
“The prevalence of GDM has increased dramatically over the past two decades by more than 30% in numerous countries5–7.”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Potential risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus include carrying a male fetus, parity and polycystic ovarian syndrome, although some evidence is inconsistent.
“Other potential risk factors include carrying a male fetus103–106, parity7 and polycystic ovarian syndrome107, although some evidence is not very consistent108.”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
GDM is the most common metabolic complication for pregnant women and positively correlates with type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life.
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication for pregnant women, which positively correlates with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life [4].”
From Evaluating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Herbal Products for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Zhu, Y., & Zhang, C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Cuilin
- Venue
- Current Diabetes Reports
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1534-4827 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-0829
- PMC
- PMC6675405
- OpenAlex
- W2255104527
- Cited by
- 1,260
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 218 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 12.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Diabetes Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008916, ZIAHD008889, ZIAHD008887, ZIAHD008938)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, GDM prevalence, global burden of disease, developing countries, hyperglycemia in pregnancy, diabetes prevention
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Diabetes, Gestational, Disease Progression
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