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Cited by 954Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementBirth, Development, and HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study

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Catalano, Patrick M., McIntyre, H. David, Cruickshank, J. Kennedy, McCance, David R., Dyer, Alan R., Metzger, Boyd E., Lowe, Lynn P., Trimble, Elisabeth R. +6 more·2012·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc11-1790PMC PMC3308300
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity with adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 32 weeks. GDM was diagnosed post hoc using International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Neonatal anthropometrics and cord serum C-peptide were measured. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included birth weight, newborn percent body fat, and cord C-peptide >90th percentiles, primary cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and shoulder dystocia/birth injury. BMI was determined at the OGTT. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations of GDM and obesity with outcomes. RESULTS: Mean maternal BMI was 27.7, 13.7% were obese (BMI ≥33.0 kg/m2), and GDM was diagnosed in 16.1%. Relative to non-GDM and nonobese women, odds ratio for birth weight >90th percentile for GDM alone was 2.19 (1.93–2.47), for obesity alone 1.73 (1.50–2.00), and for both GDM and obesity 3.62 (3.04–4.32). Results for primary cesarean delivery and preeclampsia and for cord C-peptide and newborn percent body fat >90th percentiles were similar. Odds for birth weight >90th percentile were progressively greater with both higher OGTT glucose and higher maternal BMI. There was a 339-g difference in birth weight for babies of obese GDM women, compared with babies of normal/underweight women (64.2% of all women) with normal glucose based on a composite OGTT measure of fasting plasma glucose and 1- and 2-h plasma glucose values (61.8% of all women). CONCLUSIONS: Both maternal GDM and obesity are independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Their combination has a greater impact than either one alone.

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  • The HAPO Study revealed independent effects of maternal obesity and glucose on excessive fetal growth.

    “These data correlate with the results of the HAPO Study, which revealed independent effects of maternal obesity and glucose on excessive fetal growth [153].”

    From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [153]

  • A limited number of studies linked gestational diabetes mellitus exposure to increased cardiovascular disease risk in the offspring.

    “A limited number of studies linked GDM exposure to increased CVD risk in the offspring [73,83,84,85,86].”

    From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [84]

    The Results and Conclusions (pages unavailable) report associations of GDM with birth outcomes, not cardiovascular disease in offspring. A References entry names a study of childhood metabolic syndrome, but this paper does not report an offspring CVD-risk finding. Searches for offspring cardiovascular disease risk and later-life outcomes found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Research works printed but not linked: 18

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Authors
Catalano, P. M., McIntyre, H. D., Cruickshank, J. K., McCance, D. R., Dyer, A. R., Metzger, B. E., Lowe, L. P., Trimble, E. R., Coustan, D. R., Hadden, D. R., Persson, B., Hod, M., Oats, J. J. N., & for the HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group
Affiliations
  • MetroHealth (US)
  • Endocrinology and Obstetric Medicine, Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  • Manchester Royal Infirmary (GB)
  • Royal Victoria Hospital (GB)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Queen's University Belfast (GB)
  • Brown University (US)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Tel Aviv University (IL)
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author
Metzger, Boyd E.
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2012-03-13
Volume
35
Issue
4
Pages
780-786
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/dc11-1790
PMC
PMC3308300
OpenAlex
W2113769636
Cited by
954
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 17
FWCI
67.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Hispana (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • American Diabetes Association
  • Kaiser Permanente
  • Diabetes UK (RD04/ 0002756)
  • Novo Nordisk
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01‐HD34243, R01-HD34242)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01‐HD34242, R01-HD-34243)
  • National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000080, M01 RR00048, M01RR00080, M01RR000048)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-34243, R01-HD-34242, M01-RR00080, HD34243, HD34242, R01HD034242, R01HD034243)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal obesity, adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth weight, primary cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, maternal body mass index, HAPO study
MeSH terms
Adult, Birth Weight, Blood Glucose, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Infant, Newborn, Obstetric Labor Complications, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Young Adult

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