The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases
Open accessAbstract
Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates remarkable sex differences. Although the reasons for sex differences in immune responses are not precisely understood, it potentially involves differences in sex hormones (estrogens, androgens, and differential sex hormone receptor-mediated events), X-chromosomes, microbiome, epigenetics among others. Overall, females tend to have more responsive and robust immune system compared to their male counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that females respond more aggressively to self-antigens and are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases. Female hormone (estrogen or 17β-estradiol) can potentially act on all cellular subsets of the immune system through estrogen receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This minireview highlights differential expression of estrogen receptors on immune cells, major estrogen-mediated signaling pathways, and their effect on immune cells. Since estrogen has varied effects in female-predominant autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, we will mechanistically postulate the potential differential role of estrogen in these chronic debilitating diseases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man
Smith, E. P., Boyd, J., Frank, G. R., Takahashi, H., Cohen, R. M., Specker, B., Williams, T. C., Lubahn, D. B., & Korach, K. S. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199410203311604 · Cited by 2,471
Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity
Markle, J. G. M., Frank, D. N., Mortin-Toth, S., Robertson, C. E., Feazel, L. M., Rolle-Kampczyk, U., von Bergen, M., McCoy, K. D., Macpherson, A. J., & Danska, J. S. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1233521 · Cited by 2,025
Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase
Kato, S., Endoh, H., Masuhiro, Y., Kitamoto, T., Uchiyama, S., Sasaki, H., Masushige, S., Gotoh, Y., Nishida, E., Kawashima, H., et al. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5241.1491 · Cited by 1,964
The complex role of estrogens in inflammation
Straub, R. H. (2007) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0001 · Cited by 1,950
Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor β
Krege, J. H., Hodgin, J. B., Couse, J. F., Enmark, E., Warner, M., Mahler, J. F., Sar, M., Korach, K. S., Gustafsson, J.-Å., & Smithies, O. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15677 · Cited by 1,691
Rate of Pregnancy-Related Relapse in Multiple Sclerosis
Confavreux, C., Hutchinson, M., Hours, M. M., Cortinovis-Tourniaire, P., & Moreau, T. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199807303390501 · Cited by 1,559
Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency
Carani, C., Qin, K., Simoni, M., Faustini-Fustini, M., Serpente, S., Boyd, J., Korach, K. S., & Simpson, E. R. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199707103370204 · Cited by 1,151
Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways
Kovats, S. (2015) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.018 · Cited by 984
Gender Bias in Autoimmunity Is Influenced by Microbiota
Yurkovetskiy, L., Burrows, M., Khan, A. A., Graham, L., Volchkov, P., Becker, L., Antonopoulos, D., Umesaki, Y., & Chervonsky, A. V. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.013 · Cited by 913
Sex hormones, immune responses, and autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms of sex hormone action.
Ahmed, S. A., Penhale, W. J., & Talal, N. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 813
Cited by
Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission
Peckham, H., de Gruijter, N. M., Raine, C., Radziszewska, A., Ciurtin, C., Wedderburn, L. R., Rosser, E. C., Webb, K., & Deakin, C. T. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6 · Cited by 1,503
Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms
(2019) · Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001 · Cited by 988
Sex Hormones in Acquired Immunity and Autoimmune Disease
Moulton, V. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02279 · Cited by 620
Pathogenesis of Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cellular Perspective
Moulton, V. R., Suarez-Fueyo, A., Meidan, E., Li, H., Mizui, M., & Tsokos, G. C. (2017) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.05.006 · Cited by 469
Cooke, P. S., Nanjappa, M. K., Ko, C., Prins, G. S., & Hess, R. A. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2016 · Cited by 466
Metadata
- Authors
- Khan, D., & Ansar Ahmed, S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-01-06
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 635-635
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2231585839
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 110
- FWCI
- 29.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00635
- The paper
- Khan, D., & Ansar Ahmed, S. (2016). The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00635
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
